Duchess Anna Leopoldovna: a brief biography and the reign of

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2018-04-02 13:34:23

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This woman's Fate is extremely tragic. Granddaughter of the Russian Tsar Ivan V, Anna Leopoldovna only for a short moment turned out to be the ruler of the greatest state in the world — Russia. She died when she was only twenty-seven years, and the last thing I see in her eyes, — it's a narrow window of another house, which became her prison, and is barely visible from behind the clouds a strip of inhospitable Northern sky. Such was the result of a Palace coup, in which came to the throne the daughter of Peter I — Elizabeth.Anna Leopoldovna

The Young heiress of John V

Before you start the conversation about who this Anna Leopoldovna in Russian history, it should be clarified what relationship she had to the house of Romanov. It turns out that the most direct. It is known that from 1682 to 1696 years, the Russian throne was occupied by two sovereign — Peter I and his brother John V, who had five daughters: Maria, Feodosia, Catherine, Anna and Praskovia. The latter will be in 1730 by the Empress and he shall reign for ten years. The other daughter of John V, Catherine, is a mother to the heroine of our story — the future ruler, the Regent, Anna Leopoldovna, who thus was a representative of the ruling house of Romanov. Consequently, her son Ivan had all the rights to the throne.

She was Born Anna Leopoldovna 18 Dec 1718 in a small German town Rostock. Her father was Karl Leopold Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and his mother, as mentioned above, the daughter of the Russian Tsar Ivan V, Princess Ekaterina Ioannovna. In Russia, the future Queen got when she was four years old, here she adopted Christianity. Her mother was a favorite niece who ruled in those years of the Empress Anna Ivanovna, and she showed concern about her education, instructing it to one of the most prominent figures of the Academy of Sciences — Kondratyev Ivanovich Henninger. From 1731 he started training, but they lasted only four years, since 1735, there was a romantic story that ended his career.

Maiden love and forced marriage

The capital of the Empire arrived, the new envoy of Saxony — Graf Carl Moritz Linar. This exquisite European handsome man was at the time thirty-three years, and the young Princess Anna Leopoldovna fell in love with him without memory. Her mentor Kondraty Ivanovitch was aware of and promoted the development of the novel. Soon there were rumors about a possible wedding. But the trouble is that Anna already had formal bridegroom — the Duke Anton Ulrich, who was selected for her, guided by the public interest, the Empress herself. Learning about the headstrong young niece, leader of the Russian became angry, and sent a messenger-the deceiver out of Russia, and an accomplice of intrigue — kondrati Ivanovich — was removed from office. However, the romance is not over, but this will be the conversation further.

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Four years after the events described took place the wedding of Anna Leopoldovna with such a man, her fiancé — Anton Ulrich, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Celebrations dedicated to this event, were marked by unusual splendour and passed with a huge crowd of people. During the wedding parting word said Archbishop Ambrose (Yushkevich) — the man who was destined to play a most important role in the religious and political life of the country during the reign of Elizabeth. A year later the young couple was born a son, named at the baptism of John.Anna Leopoldovna Imperatrice

The End of the reign of Anna Ioannovna

It was 1740. In Russian history it is marked by a number of major events, the chief of which was the death of Empress Anna Ioannovna, the ensuing 17 (28) Oct. In her will she declared heir to the throne infant son of Anna Leopoldovna — Ivan and Regent for him, appointed his favourite, Ernst Johann Biron. Upon reaching the appropriate age the young heir was to be the Russian Autocrat John VI.

It Should be noted that, as the daughter of Tsar Ivan V, who died the Empress hated with a passion his brother Peter and all the forces opposed to some of his descendants took the throne. For this reason, it is in his will stated that in case of death of the named heir's right to the crown then the next oldest child of her beloved niece — Anna Leopoldovna. Regarding the candidate to the post of Regent for the young Emperor, she had no doubt. They had to be the perennial favorite — Byron.

But as fate would have to dispose of otherwise. From the very first days of his reign, he faced stiff opposition, grouped around the parents of a minor heir. There was even a plot to overthrow this unpopular of a powerful. At the head of the attackers was the husband of Anna Leopoldovna — Anton Ulrich. However, the conspirators they were bad, and soon about their intentions became known to the chief of the secret office of A. I. Ushakov. This backpack maker was a man with enough foresight and in anticipation of a possible Palace coup, was limited by the fact that only formally “scolded” of the conspirators.Anna Leopoldovna Romanovs

Ousted temporary worker

However, the Board Biron was doomed. In the night of 9 November 1740 in the bedroom, where slept peacefullythe Regent and his wife, abruptly opened the door. In walked a group of military headed by field Marshal Christopher Munnich, a sworn enemy of Biron, and a supporter of Anna Leopoldovna. The former all-powerful favorite, seeing included, I realized that this is the end, and without a fear, climbed under the bed, being sure that he would be killed. However, he was wrong. The Regent was put in a sledge and taken to the brig.

Soon followed by the judgment, in which Biron was accused of different crimes. Of course, most of them were invented. The sentence is fully consistent with the spirit of the time — quartering. However, when the poor man brought to life he heard that he announced a pardon, and the punishment was changed to exile to Pelym, which for three thousand versts from St. Petersburg. But in the reign of Empress Elizabeth gracious Majesty moved him to Yaroslavl, and eventually Peter III calling Biron to the capital, returned all the medals and badges of distinction. A few years later, Catherine II restored the former Regent of the rights belonging to him once the Duchy of Courland.

The rise to power and the emergence of dangerous favorite

So, hated the temporary worker was expelled from the Palace, and the government passed into the hands of the mother of the heir to the throne. Became Regent Anna Leopoldovna. Romanov, leading their family along the lines of king John V, was temporarily at the top of state power in Russia. At the beginning of the next 1741 in a young woman's life was a joyful event: he arrived in St. Petersburg, the newly appointed Saxon envoy Carl Linar — her former and not had time to cool down love. Immediately adopted by Anna Leopoldovna, he immediately became her favorite.

Because the ruler was married, in your relationship they had to observe a certain decency. Settled Linar in the house near the Summer garden, where at that time lived in the Summer Palace Anna. To ensure a sufficient excuse for his presence in the Palace, she was appointed lover oberamergau. Soon the Supreme grace prostrated himself before that favorite was awarded two of the highest Russian orders — Andrew and Alexander Nevsky. For what services he received, the court could only guess.

Soon, However, Anna Leopoldovna allowed her lover to intervene in a serious state of Affairs and did not take any decisions without consulting him. With its connivance Linar became a key figure in the struggle of court parties, eager to involve Russia in the war of the Austrian succession. In those years a number of European countries tried, declaring illegitimate the will of the Austrian Emperor Charles VI, to take possession of the property of the house of Habsburg in Europe. This behavior of the Saxon envoy caused discontent among the nobles, who feared the emergence in the face of the new Biron.

Separation from Linar

In Order to disguise who took a scandalous turn communication, Anna Leopoldovna (the Empress, after all) had to go on tricks, which, however, no one could be mislead. For example, she in the summer of 1741 espouse Linara with his chamber-maid of honor and closest friend Baroness Juliana Mengden. But, becoming a groom, he, nevertheless, could not officially enter the Russian service, as were the subjects of Saxony. To obtain the necessary permission, in November of the same year, Linar went to Dresden.Princess Anna Leopoldovna

Before leaving, he, as a man of vision, warned Anna Leopoldovna of a possible attempt to seize power by supporters of the daughter of Peter I Elizabeth. However, he was soon going to go back and get everything under control. In parting, they didn't know that it's goodbye forever. When, having obtained the desired permission from the government of Saxony, Linar in November of the same year he returned to St. Petersburg, then in Konigsberg he waited for the news of the arrest of Anna Leopoldovna and the accession to the throne of Elizabeth. He justified his worst fears…

Daughter of Peter at the head of the guard

A Palace coup occurred in the night of November 25 (December 6), 1741. In those days the main political force was established by Peter the Great guard. Able to enthrone and dethrone him, she has already felt its force in February 1725. Then her arms came to power, the widow of Peter I-Catherine I. Here and now, using the fact that Anna Leopoldovna, the Board which caused universal dissatisfaction, underestimated the strength of the guard, Elizabeth was able to attract were in the St. Petersburg regiment.

That fatal for the Russian ruler night 31-year-old Belle Elizabeth, accompanied by three hundred eight grenadiers appeared in the Winter Palace. Anywhere without encountering resistance, they reached the bedroom, where slept peacefully Anna Leopoldovna and her husband. Scared to death of the Regent, had declared its deposition and arrest. The witnesses of this scene later told me that Elizabeth took his hands were in the same room and awakened by a sudden noise one-year-old heir to the throne, whispered: “poor baby". She knew that speaks.Anna Leopoldovna Board

The way of the cross yesterday of the ruler

So the Brunswick family were arrested, including Anna Leopoldovna. Empress Elizabeth was not a cruel man. Initially, she had planned to send his captives toEurope and the limited — so at least it was said in the Manifesto, which she claimed to be Empress. Failed Queen Anna Leopoldovna and his family were temporarily sent to the Riga castle, where he spent the whole year waiting for the promised freedom. But suddenly, plans for a new mistress of the Winter Palace changed. The fact that St. Petersburg had uncovered a plot whose goal was the overthrow of Elizabeth and the liberation of the rightful heir of Ivan Antonovich.

It Became apparent that the family of Brunswick will continue the banner for all sorts of conspirators, presenting the best known danger. The fate of Anna Leopoldovna was solved. In 1742, the prisoners were transferred to the fortress dunamunde (near Riga), and two years later, in Reembolsou fortress, located in the province of Ryazan. But here they did not stay long. After a few months came a Supreme decree lead them to Arkhangelsk for further imprisonment in the Solovetsky monastery. In autumn floods, torrential rains, Anna Leopoldovna and her unhappy family were sent to the North.

But in that year an early frost and ice hummocks ruled out any possibility of a ferry to Solovki. The prisoners lived in Kholmogory, in the house of the local Bishop, and vigilantly guarded, without any possibility of communication with the outside world. Here they are forever said goodbye to his son and heir. Ivan Antonovich was isolated from them and placed in another part of the building, and the parents had no news. For greater secrecy of a young ex-Emperor was ordered to call a false name Gregory.

Death and the belated honours

In Recent years, full of grief and trials that undermined the health of young women. Ex-Regent and sole ruler of Russia died in prison 8 (19) Mar 1746. The official cause of death was listed as puerperal fever, or as it was said in old times, “ognevitsa”. While under arrest, but separated from her husband, Anna four times having children, the details of which have not survived.

However, the story of Anna Leopoldovna was not over. Her body was transported to the capital and with great solemnity interred in the necropolis of the Aleksandro-Nevskaya Lavra. The funeral was held according to all rules established by the rules of burial of persons belonging to the reigning house. Since then, the official lists of the rulers of the Russian state required to mention and Anna Leopoldovna. The Romanovs have always jealously regarded the veneration of the memory of members of their family, even those to whose death were involved.Anna Leopoldovna biography

“Iron mask" of Russian history

Especially tragic was the fate of Ivan — the heir to the throne, which gave birth to Anna Leopoldovna. His biography has developed in such a way that gave occasion to historians to call him the Russian version "Iron mask". Immediately after the seizure of power Elizabeth has taken all possible steps to ensure that the name of its deposed heir to the throne was forgotten. The turnover of the seized coins with his image, destroyed documents mentioning his name, and under pain of severe punishment banned any memories of him.

Elizabeth Petrovna, seized power through a Palace coup, feared the possibility of becoming the victim of another conspiracy. For this reason, in 1756 it was ordered to deliver the prisoner fifteen years in the Schlusselburg fortress and contain the accident in solitary confinement. There the young man was deprived of even its new name Gregory and was referred to only as “known the prisoner”. Strictly forbidden his contact with others. This requirement is so strictly observed that in all the years of imprisonment of the prisoner have not seen a single human face. It is not surprising that over time he showed signs of mental disturbance.

Visit the prisoner and an early death

When Elizabeth came to the new Empress, Catherine II, also seized power with the support of the guards, she, to give your Board greater legitimacy, thought about the possibility of marriage with those in the fortress rightful heir to Ivan. To that end, she visited him in the Shlisselburg prison. However, after seeing how much physical and mental degradation made up for years in solitary confinement Ivan, she realized that marriage with him might not be out of the question. By the way, the Empress noted that the prisoner aware of his Royal origin that he is competent and wants to finish the life in the monastery.

The Reign of Catherine II was by no means unclouded, and during the stay of Ivan in the fortress, several attempts of a coup d'etat with the purpose of erecting him to the throne. To prevent the Empress ordered to immediately kill the prisoner, if there is a real danger of his release. In 1764 this situation. Another plot arose in the ranks of the garrison of the fortress Shlisselburg. It was headed by Lieutenant V. Y. Mirovich. However, the internal security of the casemates did his duty: Ivan Antonovich was stabbed them with bayonets. Death interrupted his short and tragic life 5 (16) July, 1764.the reign of Anna Leopoldovna

So ended the life of these offspring reign of the Romanov dynasty — the rightful heir to the throne, Ivan VI and his mother Anna Leopoldovna, a brief biography which served asthe topic of our conversation. Not all rulers of Russia are destined to die a natural death. Ruthless, unrestrained struggle for power has sometimes led to tragedies such as that which we now recollect. The reign of Anna Leopoldovna became the history of Russia as part of a period called “Era of favorites”.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://www.tostpost.com/ar/education/13799-leopoldovna.html

BE: https://www.tostpost.com/be/adukacyya/24669-knyag-nya-ganna-leopol-dovna-karotkaya-b-yagraf-ya-gady-pra-lennya.html

DE: https://www.tostpost.com/de/bildung/24693-die-f-rstin-anna-leopol-dovna-eine-kurze-biografie-und-regierungszeit.html

ES: https://www.tostpost.com/es/la-educaci-n/24713-la-princesa-anna-leopol-dovna-una-breve-biograf-a-y-los-a-os-de-gobier.html

HI: https://www.tostpost.com/hi/education/13821-leopoldovna.html

JA: https://www.tostpost.com/ja/education/13823-duchess-leopoldovna.html

KK: https://www.tostpost.com/kk/b-l-m/24660-hanymy-anna-leopol-dovna-ys-asha-m-rbayany-zh-ne-bas-arma-zhyldar-a-ar.html

PL: https://www.tostpost.com/pl/edukacja/24586-ksi-na-anna-leopol-dovna-kr-tka-biografia-latach-panowania.html

PT: https://www.tostpost.com/pt/educa-o/24600-a-princesa-anna-leopol-dovna-pequena-biografia-e-um-anos-de-reinado.html

TR: https://www.tostpost.com/tr/e-itim/24664-prenses-anna-leopol-dovna-k-sa-bir-biyografi-ve-h-k-mdarl.html

UK: https://www.tostpost.com/uk/osv-ta/24637-knyaginya-anna-leopol-d-vna-korotka-b-ograf-ya-roki-pravl-nnya.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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