Ernst Haeckel: biography, scientific activity. The contribution of Haeckel in biology

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2018-03-20 19:47:10

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After Devoting his life to the study of nature, Ernst Haeckel made a number of discoveries and has made great contribution to science. More information on the scientific activities of the scientist find out later in the article.

Ernst Haeckel: biography

The German philosopher and naturalist E. Haeckel was born in Potsdam in 1834. After graduating from school in Peterburge, he studied medicine and natural science at Berlin, and Würzburg universities. He defended his thesis in Zoology at the University of Jena. In 1858 he received a medical degree.

Ernst Haeckel showed an interest in microscopic anatomy and Zoology. In 1859 he sent an expedition to Italy, where he studied plankton, sponges, worms, reveals a new species of radiolarians. Upon return, the scientist holds the post of Professor and then associate Professor of Jena University and teaches comparative anatomy.

Ernst Haeckel

In 1863, an active public activity. He speaks about Darwinism, produces its own printed proceedings, formulating a scientific theory. At the end of the XIX century, the researcher goes on an expedition to Egypt, Algeria, Madeira, and Ceylon. Later he traveled to Syria, Corsica, Tenerife, Norway, Gibraltar and other places, studying their wildlife and sketching.

In 1867, Ernst Haeckel married Agnes Huska. They have a son Walter, daughters Emma and Elizabeth. The death of his wife in 1915, greatly affected the health and well-being of the scientist. He died in Germany on 9 August 1919.

Research and publications

The diploma of doctor did not affect the professional activity of the scientist. Largely on his research and world view was influenced by a chat with Charles Darwin. Books Ernst Haeckel began publishing in 1866. His first work is called “General morphology of organisms". Some time later, published a book “the Natural history of erotomania”, where he expressed support for evolutionary theory.

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In 1866, it forms an improved version of the biogenetic law formulated a few years earlier. In this regard, Ernst Haeckel builds a theory of gastraea explaining the origin of multicellular from unicellular organisms. Due to this, Haeckel became known in scientific circles.

In 1874, comes the publication of “Anthropogenie, or History of human development”, in which he sets out his theory about the existence of intermediates between APE and man.

Ernst Haeckel ecology

During an expedition in Africa and Asia, he wrote works about jellyfish, deep sea fish, radiolarians, and then devotes the research of these organisms the book “Systematic phylogeny". Only Ernst Haeckel wrote about 26 works, some of them translated into Russian language.

General morphology of organisms

Another discipline, the development of which made a significant contribution Ernst Haeckel, – ecology. In his first book “the General morphology of organisms” the scientist theorizes about the need to give it a separate biological discipline. In his opinion, the complex interactions between living organisms and their relationship with the environment should be the subject of the science called ecology.

Ernst Heinrich Haeckel

Ernst Haeckel believed that the main task of this discipline is the study of organic and inorganic environmental conditions to which they must adapt living organisms. Under inorganic scientist understand the climate factors such as light, atmospheric electricity, moisture, heat, and composition of the soil and water. Organic Haeckel took all types of relationships between organisms.

Biogenetic law

Inspired by evolutionary theory, Haeckel formulated the law, which also bears the name of the law of Haeckel-Muller. It is based on the assumption that during the development of the individual organism repeats the shape of the main stages of its evolution. That is, observing the development of the embryo, can be traced, as there is natural formation of its kind.

For the First time this hypothesis was put forward by Charles Darwin in the publication of the ‘Origin of species”, but it was not expressed very clearly. 1864, Fritz müller in the book “Darwin” he said that the historical development of the species is reflected in the development of the individual. Two years later, Haeckel on the basis of his own research gave a clear statement that called biogenetic law.

Ernst Haeckel biography

The Law is often used as proof of Darwin's theory, although at present there are many facts that can disprove its correctness. For example, in the initial stages of vertebrate development are not the same. The similarities are observed only at later stages.

The Theory of gastraea

On the basis of biogenetic law Ernst Heinrich Haeckel creates a theory that explains the origin of multicellular organisms from unicellular. In his opinion, the first multicellular creature had similarities with Papoose – embryonic form, consisting of a layer of outer and inner cells.

books, Ernst Haeckel

According to the theory, a single cell organism began the division in which daughter cells did not disperse, and formed a cluster. Subsequently, theystarted to differ at the functional and anatomic features – some was responsible for the movement, the other for digestion. So, on the theory of Haeckel, formed a multicellular organism, which was named gastraea. He resembled the first of coelenterates animals.

Conclusion

For Ernst Heinrich Haeckel published many papers introduced the scientific terms of ecology, CRO-magnon man, ontogeny and phylogeny. Investigating the marine fauna in the expeditions, he discovered more than a hundred species of radiolarians. Haeckel was among the first zoologists in Germany, joined Darwin's theory. Supporting the theory of evolution in his research, he tried to define a system development of the animal Kingdom, formulated the biogenetic law and theory of the origin of multicellular organisms.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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