Rotary motor: principle of operation, features

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2020-03-11 18:20:26

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The Engine – it is the basis of any vehicle. Without it is impossible the movement of the car. At the moment the most common are reciprocating internal combustion engines. If we talk about most cross-country car, this inline four-cylinder engine. However, there are cars with such engines where the classic piston is not in principle. These motors have a completely different structure and principle of work. They are called rotary engine. What are these units, what are their characteristics, pros and cons? Consider in our today's article.

Characteristics

Rotary engine – a species of heat engine. For the first time this motor was developed in the 19th century. Today used the rotary engine of Mazda RX-8 and even on some sports cars. Such a motor is the key feature – there are no reciprocating movements, as in a conventional engine.

rotary piston VAZ

Here the rotation is a special triangular rotor. It is enclosed in its special housing. A similar scheme practiced in the 50-ies of the last century by the German firm NSU. The author of this engine was Felix Wankel. Exactly on his scheme, made all the modern rotary engine (“Mazda RKH” is no exception).

Device

The design of the power unit include:

  • The Case.
  • Output shaft.
  • Rotor.

The case is a main working chamber. On a rotary engine it has an oval shape. Such an unusual design of the combustion chamber due to the use of a triangular rotor. So, in contact with the walls formed by isolated closed contours. That they are carried out working cycles of internal combustion engines. This:

  • Intake.
  • Compression.
  • Ignition and stroke.
  • Release.

Among the features of the rotary internal combustion engine is the absence of the classic intake and exhaust valves. Instead, they used a special hole. They are on the sides of the combustion chamber. These holes are directly connected to the exhaust system and power supply system.

Rotor

The Basis for the design of the power plant of this type – this is the rotor. It performs the function of the pistons in this engine. However, the rotor is in a single copy, while pistons may be from three to twelve or more. The form this element resembles a triangle with rounded edges.

rotary piston engine

These edges are needed for a more hermetic and high-quality sealing of the combustion chamber. This achieves the correct combustion. In the upper part of face and on its sides there are special plates. They perform the function of compression rings. In the rotor are also teeth. They serve to rotate the drive, which uses the output shaft. On the appointment of the latter will be discussed below.

Shaft

As such, the crankshaft in a rotary-piston engine no. Instead, he used the output element. About its centre are the special projections (Cams). They are located asymmetrically. The torque from the rotor is transmitted to the Cam, causes the shaft to rotate around its axis. This creates the energy needed for the movement of actuators and wheels in the car.

Cycles

What is the working principle of the rotary engine? The algorithm steps, despite the similar cycles with a piston motor, is different. So, the beginning of the beat occurs during the passage of one end of the rotor through the inlet channel of the housing of the internal combustion engine. At the moment, under the action of vacuum in the chamber is sucked into the fuel mixture. Further rotation of the rotor occurs the compression stroke of the mixture. This occurs when the second end is the inlet. Gradually increases the pressure of the mixture. Eventually it is ignited. But she doesn't ignite from the compression force, as from a spark the spark plugs. After this, the stroke speed of the rotor.

Since the combustion chamber in this engine has an oval shape, it is advisable to use two candles in the design. This allows quick burning of the mixture. Thus, the flame front spreads more evenly. By the way, two candles per combustion chamber may consist in a conventional piston engine (found this design very rarely). However, the rotary engine it is a necessity.

rotary internal combustion engine

After ignition, the chamber is formed high pressure gases. Power is sogreat that allows you to scroll through the rotor on the eccentric. This contributes to generation of torque on the output shaft. When the top of the rotor approaches the outlet port, a pressure energy of the gases is reduced. They spontaneously rush to the outlet channel. Once the camera is completely freed from them, begins a new process. The work of the rotary engine again begins with the intake stroke, compression ignition, and then stroke.

About the lubrication system and nutrition

This unit has no difference in the fuel system. It also uses a submersible pump that supplies fuel under pressure from the tank. But the oiling system has its own characteristics. Thus, the oil friction of engine parts is supplied directly into the combustion chamber. For lubrication there is a special hole. But the question arises: what then happens to the oil if it gets into the combustion chamber? Here the principle of operation is similar to two-stroke engine. Lubricant into the chamber and burns together with gasoline. This scheme is used on every rotary-vane motor and the piston including. Due to the special design of the lubrication system these engines can not meet modern environmental standards. This is one of several reasons why rotary engines on the Vase and other car models are not commercially used. However, first note the benefits of RAPS.

Pros

There are many advantages of this type of engines. First, this motor has a small weight and size. This allows to save space in the engine compartment and to place the engine in any car. Also low weight contributes to a more correct weight distribution of the car. After all, most of the mass on cars with classic combustion engines is concentrated in the front of the body.

internal combustion engine

Second, the rotary-piston engine has high specific power. In comparison with classic motors, the figure in half to two times higher. Also, the rotary engine over a wide shelf of torque. It is available almost from idle, while the conventional engine needs to spin up to four or five thousand. By the way, a rotary engine is much easier gaining high momentum. This is another plus.

Third, this engine has a more simple design. There are no valves, no springs, no crank mechanism as a whole. Along with this, there is no usual timing belt and camshaft. It is the lack of crank facilitates easier revving rotary engine. Such a motor in a split second turns to eight-ten thousand. Well, another advantage – the less inclination to detonation.

Cons

Now let's talk about the shortcomings, because of which the use of rotary engines was limited. The first disadvantage – high demands on the quality of the oil. At least the motor and push-pull type, you should fill cheap «mineral water». The details and mechanisms of the power unit are subjected to significant loads, so to preserve the resource need a thick oil film between the friction pairs. By the way, the rules relubrication is six thousand kilometers.

Another drawback concerns the rapid wear of the sealing elements of the rotor. This is due to the small contact patch. Due to wear of the sealing elements, there is a high differential pressure. This adversely affects the performance of the rotary engine and the oil consumption (and therefore environmental performance).

Listing the disadvantages, it is worth to mention the fuel consumption. Compared to the cylinder-piston engine, the rotary does not have fuel efficiency, especially at medium and low revs. One example of this is "Mazda RX-8". If the volume of 1.3 liters, this engine consumes at least 15 liters of gasoline per hundred. Remarkably, at high speeds of the rotor achieved the highest fuel efficiency.

Also, rotary engines are prone to overheating. This happens because of the special lenticular shape of the combustion chamber. It is bad heat dissipation compared to spherical (as on a conventional engine), so during operation should always monitor the temperature sensor. In the event of overheating, deformed rotor. When working it will form a significant scuffing. As a result, the engine closer to the end.

rotary piston engine VAZ

Despite the simple construction and the absence of a crank mechanism, this motor is difficult to repair. These engine are very rare and few of the masters has experience with them. So many garages refuse “capital” such motors. And those who is engaged in the rotors, ask for exorbitant amountsmoney. Have to pay or install a new engine. But this does not guarantee high resource. Such motors care for a maximum of 100 thousand kilometers (even at moderate operation and maintenance). And motors "Mazda RX-8" did not the exception.

Rotary engine VAZ

We All know that such motors in his later years used a Japanese manufacturer of «Mazda». However, few people are aware of the fact that the RAP was used in the Soviet Union at the VAZ "Classics”. Developed such a motor by order of the Ministry for intelligence services. VAZ-21079, equipped with this engine was similar to the well known black «Volga-catch-up” with eight-cylinder motor.

Development of the rotary-piston engine VAZ began in the mid 70s. the Task was not easy – to create a rotary motor, which will exceed all the performance of traditional piston engine. The development of the new powertrain was developed by specialists of aviation enterprises of Samara. The head of the Assembly Bureau was Boris Sidorovich Pospelov.

engine operation

Development of power units went on simultaneously with the study of rotary motors foreign samples. The first copies did not differ high performance, and they did not. A few years later was created a few variants of the RAP for the classic Vase. The best of them was recognized as the engine VAZ-311. This engine had the same geometric parameters as the Japanese motor 1ЗВ. The maximum capacity of the unit was 70 horsepower. Despite the imperfect design, the leadership made the decision to release the first commercial batch of RAPS that were installed on official vehicles of the VAZ-2101. Soon, however, discovered a mass of shortcomings: the engine gave rise to a wave of claims, a scandal broke out and the number of employees of the design office has decreased significantly. Due to frequent breakdowns of the first rotary engine VAZ-311 was discontinued.

But the story of the Soviet RPD did not end. In the 80-ies of the engineers still managed to create a rotary motor, which was significantly superior characteristics of the piston engine. So, it was a rotary engine VAZ-4132. The unit developed a capacity of 120 horsepower. This gave the car VAZ-2105 excellent dynamic characteristics. With this engine the car was dispersed to hundred in 9 seconds. And a top speed of “catch-up” was 180 kilometers per hour. Among the main advantages worth noting the high engine torque available throughout the rpm range and a high liter capacity, which was achieved without any force.

In the 90 years the company has been developing a new rotary engine, which was installed on the “nine”. So, in 1994, the year came to light the new engine VAZ-415. The engine had a working volume of 1,300 cubic centimeters, and two combustion chambers. the compression ratio was 9.4 each. This powerplant is able to spin up to ten thousand revs. The motor differed little in fuel consumption. On average, the unit consumption of 13-14 liters per hundred in combined cycle (this is a good indicator for the old by today's standards, a rotary ice). The engines have low curb weight. Without attachment, he weighed only 113 pounds.

the rotary engine principle of operation

Oil Consumption of the engine VAZ-415 is 0.6 percent of specific fuel consumption. Resource engine overhaul – 125 thousand kilometers. The engine, mounted on “nine”, showed good dynamic characteristics. So, to disperse hundreds took only nine seconds. And the maximum speed – 190 kilometers per hour. Have also been experimental models of VAZ-2108 with a rotary engine. Owing to the lesser weight, rotary “eight” were dispersed to hundred in just eight seconds. And the maximum speed during testing was 200 kilometers per hour. However, a series of these motors has not been received. In the secondary market and the disassembly to find them too.

Summing up

So we found out what a rotary engine. As you can see, this is a very interesting development, aimed at obtaining maximum efficiency and capacity. However, because of their structure, mechanisms and the rotor wear out quickly. This affected the life of the engine. Even Japanese RAP it is no more than a hundred thousand kilometers. Also, these motors have high requirements towards the lubricating materials and can't meet modern environmental standards. Therefore, the rotary-piston internal combustion engines did not become particularly popular in the automotive industry.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://www.tostpost.com/ar/cars/21447-rotary-motor-principle-of-operation-features.html

BE: https://www.tostpost.com/be/a-tamab-l/38978-rotarny-ruhav-k-pryncyp-pracy-asabl-vasc.html

DE: https://www.tostpost.com/de/autos/38504-wankelmotor-funktionsprinzip-eigenschaften.html

ES: https://www.tostpost.com/es/coches/38270-motor-rotativo-principio-de-funcionamiento-caracter-sticas.html

HI: https://www.tostpost.com/hi/cars/23018-rotary-motor-principle-of-operation-features.html

JA: https://www.tostpost.com/ja/cars/21030-rotary-motor-principle-of-operation-features.html

KK: https://www.tostpost.com/kk/avtomobil-der/39358-rotorly-oz-alt-ysh-zh-mys-princip-erekshel-kter.html

PL: https://www.tostpost.com/pl/samochody/41030-nap-d-obrotowy-zasada-dzia-ania-funkcje.html

PT: https://www.tostpost.com/pt/carros/40697-um-motor-rotativo-princ-pio-de-funcionamento-caracter-sticas.html

TR: https://www.tostpost.com/tr/arabalar/35869-rotary-motor-al-ma-prensibi-zellikleri.html

UK: https://www.tostpost.com/uk/avtomob-l/39784-rotorniy-dvigun-princip-roboti-osoblivost.html

ZH: https://www.tostpost.com/zh/cars/32109-rotary-motor-principle-of-operation-features.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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