Voloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich: biography, artistic heritage, personal life

Voloshin Maximilian (years of life - 1877 - 1932) - poet, artist, critic, and literary critic. Voloshin is an alias. His real name - Kirienko-Voloshin.

Childhood, College years

The Future poet was born in Kiev in 1877, 16 (28) may. His paternal ancestors were Zaporozhian Cossacks. Mother's family were Germans Russified in the 17th century. Maximilian 3 years left without a father. In Moscow, spent his childhood and boyhood of the future poet. His mother in 1893 acquired in located near Feodosia Koktebel land. Here in 1897, Maximilian Voloshin graduated from high school. He entered the Moscow University (faculty of law). Maximilian in his student years was involved in revolutionary activities. He was involved in in February 1900, the all-Russian student strike. As a result, and the tendency to agitation and "negative philosophy" Voloshin Maximilian was suspended.

Start traveling

In order to avoid the worst consequences, he went to the construction of the railway in the autumn of 1900. Earlier, this period was later called the "decisive moment" that determined his future spiritual life. In the construction he felt the antiquity, East, Asia, the relativity of European culture.

However, it is an active communion of Maximilian to the achievements of intellectual and artistic culture of Western Europe from the first travel it has become a vital goal of the poet. He had been in 1899-1900, Italy, France, Greece, Switzerland, Germany, Austria-Hungary. In particular, Maximilian drew Paris. In it he saw the centre for European, and thus universal spiritual life. Maximilian Alexandrovich, on returning from Asia for fear of further harassment, decides to go West.

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Life in Paris, future travel, "the house of the poet" in Koktebel

In Paris, Maximilian Voloshin (photo of it in this article) visited several times in the period from 1901 to 1916, had lived here. In between, the poet traveled the "ancient Mediterranean world". He also visited the arrivals in both Russian capitals. Voloshin at that time also lived in his "house of poet" in Koktebel, which turned into a cultural centre, a place of rest and refuge of the literary elite. G. Shengeli, translator and poet, called it "the Cimmerian Athens." At different times in this house was visited by Andrey Bely, V. Bryusov, Aleksey Tolstoy, Maxim Gorky, Nikolai Gumilev, Osip Mandelstam, Marina Tsvetaeva, V. Khodasevich, E. Zamyatin, We. Ivanov, K. Chukovsky, Mikhail Bulgakov and many other writers, actors, artists, and scientists.

Voloshin literary critic

As a literary critic Maximilian Voloshin made his debut in 1899. In the journal "Russkaya Mysl '" there his little reviews without a signature. In may 1900, in the same journal was printed a large article called "In defense of Hauptmann". It was signed "Max. Voloshin". This article was one of the first in Russia manifests modernist aesthetics. Then there are other his article. All Voloshin wrote their 36 - about Russian literature, 35 - to French and Russian theatre, 28 on French literature, and the 49 articles on the events of the French cultural life. They have been approved and proclaimed by the artistic principles of modernism. Voloshin the new phenomena of the literature of our country (primarily the work of the so-called younger symbolists) introduced in the context of the contemporary culture of Europe.

Voloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich, biography which interests us, was also a literary agent, consultant, entrepreneur, spokesman and expert of the publishing houses "Vulture", "Scorpion" and the brothers sabashnikov. Its educational mission he was called Buddhism, magic, Catholicism, theosophy, occultism, Freemasonry. All this he took in his work through the prism of art. In particular, he appreciated the "pathos of thinking" and "poetry of ideas", so the article it was like poetry, and poetry articles (it is noted Ehrenburg, who dedicated to him the essay published in 1923 the book "Portraits of contemporary poets").

First verse

At First, not many wrote poetry of Voloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich, the poet. Almost all of them were placed in the book, which appeared in 1910 ("the Poem. 1900-1910"). Arm "jeweler", "the real master" saw V. Bryusov. Voloshin believed their teachers virtuosos poetic plastics J. M. Heredia, Gautier, and other poets-"Parasceve" from France. Their works were opposed with velenovsky "musical" direction. This characteristic of creativity Voloshin can be attributed to his first collection and the second, which was written by Maximilian in the early 1920-ies and has not been published. It was called "Selva oscura". It included poems created in the period from 1910 to 1914 most of them joined later in the book of selected, published in 1916 ("Every").

Orientation Verhaeren

Much Can be said about the work of a poet, Voloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich. Biography, summarized in this article includes only the main facts about him. Not to mention that clear political guidancethe poet becomes the start of the 1st world war, E. verharn. Brusov translations in an article of 1907 "Emil verhaern and Valery Bryusov" was subjected to devastating criticism by Maximilian. Voloshin himself translating Verhaeren "different perspectives" and "different era." The attitude he summed up in his book of 1919 "verharn. Destiny. Creativity. Translation".

Voloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich, Russian poet who wrote poetry about the war. Included in this collection 1916 "Anno mundi ardentis", they are quite in tune with verhovskoy poetics. They processed the images and techniques of the poetic rhetoric that has become a steady characteristic of all poetry Maximilian revolutionary times, civil war and future years. Part of the poems written at that time, was published in the book of 1919 "Demons deaf", the other part is in 1923, was published in Berlin under the title "Poems of terror." However, most of these works remained in manuscript.

Official persecution

In 1923, the bullying started Voloshin from the state. His name was consigned to oblivion. In the USSR in the period from 1928 to 1961 a single line of the poet is not appeared in print. When Ehrenburg in 1961, respectfully mentioned in his memoir on Voloshin, is immediately provoked a rebuke A. Dimsize, which pointed to the fact that Maximilian was a decadent of the most insignificant and reacted negatively to the revolution.

Return to the Crimea, attempts to break into print

In the Spring of 1917 Voloshin returned to the Crimea. In his autobiography in 1925, he wrote that he will never leave him, never emigrated and saved. He previously stated that not acting on any of the contending parties, but to live only in Russia and done it-and wrote that he should stay in Russia until the end. The house of Maximilian Voloshin in Koktebel during the Russian civil war was hospice. Here found shelter and refuge from persecution and white officers, and red leaders. About that Maximilian wrote in his 1926 poem "the house of the poet". "Red leader" was Bela kun. After he was defeated Wrangel, by organized famine and terror ran the pacification of the Crimea. Apparently, as a reward for aiding the Kuna during the Soviet era Voloshin saved the house, as well as relative safety. However, neither his merits nor the hassle of V. Veresayev, influential at the time, nor partly of repentance and pleading the appeal to L. Kamenev, all-powerful ideology (in 1924) have not helped Maximilian to break the seal.

Two ways of thinking Voloshin

Voloshin wrote that verse for him is the only way of expression. And they rushed him in two directions. First thus (the fate of Russia, works which took him often conventionally religious coloring). The second ahistorical. Here may be noted the series "Ways of Cain", which reflects the idea of universal anarchism. The poet wrote that in these works he creates almost all of his social ideas, which were mostly negative. It should be noted the overall ironic tone of this series.

Recognized and unrecognized works

The Inconsistency of thinking characteristic Voloshin, led often to the fact that his creations are sometimes perceived as lofty a sprechstimme ("Preassessment", "Holy Russia", "Kitezh", "angel time," "Wild field"), estetiziruetsya punditry ("Space", "Leviathan", "Tanab" and some other works from the "Ways of Cain"), a pretentious pastiche ("Demetrius-Emperor", "Avvakum", "Saint Seraphim", "the Legend of the monk Epiphany"). However, we can say that many of his poems of the revolutionary time is recognized as a concise and poetic evidence (e.g. typological portraits of the "Bourgeois", "Speculator", "guard" etc., lyrical Declaration "At the bottom of the underworld" and "Readiness" rhetorical masterpiece "Northeast" and other works).

Articles about art and painting

After the revolution, his activity as an art critic stopped. Nevertheless, Maximilian was able to publish 34 articles devoted to the Russian fine art, as well as 37 articles on the art of French. His first monographic work devoted to Surikov, retains its value. The book "Spirit of Gothic" remains unfinished. On her he worked in 1912 and 1913.

Voloshin took up painting in order to judge professionally about the visual arts. As it turned out, he was a gifted artist. Crimean watercolor landscapes, executed with poetic inscriptions, became his favourite genre. In 1932 (11 Aug) died Koktebel Maximilian Voloshin. A short biography of his can be supplemented by information about the personal life, interesting facts of which we present below.

Interesting facts from his personal life Voloshin

Duel Voloshin and Nikolai Gumilev took place on the Black river, the one where Pushkin was shot by d'anthes. It happened 72 years later, and also because of a woman. But fate saved then two famous poets, what were Gumilev Nikolai Stepanovich Voloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich. The poet, a photo of which is presented below, - Nikolay Gumilev.

Shoot video for Lisa Dmitrieva. She studied on the course staropanskij and old French literature at the Sorbonne. First this girl was captivated by Gumilev. He brought her on a visit to Voloshin in Koktebel. He seduced the girl. Nikolai Gumilev left as felt superfluous. However, the story after some time continued and eventually led to a duel. The court sentenced ENU for the week of arrest, and Voloshin - to one day.

The First wife of Maximilian Voloshin - Margarita Sabashnikova. With her he at the Sorbonne, and attended lectures. The marriage, however, soon broke up - she fell in love with Vyacheslav Ivanov. His wife suggested Sabashnikova to live together. However, the family "new type" did not work. His second wife was a paramedic Maria Stepanova (pictured above), caring for an elderly mother of Maximilian.