The history of Vyborg: base, historical places, political and military importance

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2018-04-01 11:09:27

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Few in any country of the world is such a large number of interesting cities in Russia. The theme of our review – the history of Vyborg. This city rightfully boasts more than three hundred unique objects of cultural and historical significance.the history of Vyborg

Area of strategic importance

The base of the Viborg dates back to the year 1293. Part of the historians, this figure is disputed, since on the territory of modern Vyborg already in the eleventh century lived representatives of the Slavic and Karelian tribes. If you believe the Chronicles, the Swedes were constantly raided the lands of their neighbors. They sought to seize the Islands of the Vyborg archipelago of strategic military objectives - the Vyborg archipelago is an extremely convenient place for the deployment of military ships. In the rocks is easy to hide even a very large fleet. In addition, numerous skerries with the depth of the Straits is not always sufficient for navigation, – a perfect natural trap for intruders.Vyborg Russian

Milestones in the history of the Vyborg

The History of Vyborg can be divided into seven stages:

  • The First phase – before the Swedish invasion. The first mention of the territory and its people belongs to the IX century. The famous Russian historian Tatishev in his writings mentioned some Ioakimovskaya chronicle, which allegedly says that the fortress of Viborg was founded by the Novgorod elder Gostomysl. One of his sons was the name of Choice – hence the name of the fortress.
  • The Second phase – the Swedish period. Duration – from 1293 until 1710, when it was incorporated into the Russian Empire.
  • The Third step – part of the Russian Empire.
  • Fourth stage-Finnish.
  • Fifth stage-of the war years 1940-1944.
  • The Sixth stage of the – in the USSR
  • Seventh stage – modern, that is from 1991 to the present.Vyborg castle Vyborg

Founder

In 1293 the Swedish Marshal and Regent of king Torgilsom Knutsson was taken by another victorious trip to the land of the Karelians and the Novgorodians. On one of the Islands he founded a military fortification, which is called the Holy fortress. Exactly translated from Swedish heard the word “Vyborg”. 1293 is considered to be the birth year of Vyborg. Therefore, it is possible to count how many years Vyborg, and its nearly eight hundred.

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Guided by the easy motives of the Crusades, Marshall hoped to extend the possessions of Sweden and in the more distant areas. He had an extraordinary talents not only in military Affairs but also in politics. Being a representative of one of the noblest and richest families in Sweden, Knutsson Torgils first became the shadow ruler, with a sick king Magnus I Ladulas, and then, after the accession to the throne underage Birger Magnusson, was appointed Regent. Shortly before his father's death, about the year 1290, a decade of Birger Magnusson put Knutsson, the Supreme commander of Sweden.

The Beginning of the next century can be considered a sunset in the biography of the courtier. In 1302-1303 the years between Birger Magnusson and his brothers broke out in a dispute about the right of succession. Torgils Knutsson caught up in this maelstrom of intrigue, but in this period his position was particularly weak due to a conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. The fact that the Regent of the king, having great need of funds to run the country, tried to claim rights over the Treasury of the Church. As a result, his declared enemy of the faith and the country, and publicly beheaded.

The Memory of the founder of the city immortalized in the bronze monument on the square in front of the Old town hall.medieval houses

Crusader Castle

The Main attraction of the city - Vyborg castle. The symbol of Vyborg was founded in 1293 by the leader of the crusade by Torgilsom Knutsson. In these times, this area belonged to the Novgorod Principality, and lived on it Karels. Swedish Marshal, captured Vyborg, Novgorod blocked the only trade route in Europe and has set his plans for the more distant mainland of the land of the Slavs.

The Castle is a fine example of Western European medieval military architecture. It stands on Castle island, which was previously known as the Oxen. The Northern part is low-lying and suitable for agricultural purposes, and the East is a rocky hill. Here was built a strong wall thickness of nearly 2 meters. In the center of the island erected a watchtower. At the base it has a square section. A monumental four-meter wall of the donjon reliably protect the interior of the tower from cannonballs. Then this building was the tallest in Scandinavia. It was named the tower of Saint Olaf in honor of the king of Norway, baptized the Scandinavian lands.

In the mid-fifteenth century, the Viceroy of the Swedish king Karl Knutsson Bunde thoroughly ennobled the inner space of the dungeon, and dividing it into chambers for various purposes, jousting and ceremonial halls, made tile stoves. The low-lying part of the fortification wall, and the top paved with stone. Ramparts he added watchtowers of square section, and in the yard built Paradise tower. This round tower is also consideredthe symbol of Vyborg and often depicted on postcards of the city and Souvenirs. On the mainland the Governor built the city wall with defensive towers, thus turning the Vyborg castle in the rear of the fortress with a double wall.

In 1556, a strategically important island was visited by the Swedish king Gustav VAZ. And again a significant change in the Vyborg castle. The fortress of Vyborg changed the silhouette: the main tower finished up a seven-story octagonal pillar with loopholes. Dilapidated the interior was replaced with new, expensive, and exquisitely beautiful, and in the castle courtyard added a solid economic structure.

Most of the buildings were made of wood. They are often burned, and in the XVI century part of the buildings removed, and in their place erected a stone. In the courtyard of the castle dug a few ponds and made a fountain. Along the North-Western wall from the external side built stone barracks. Some medieval houses, which appeared at the time, still exist.

Vyborg castle remained impregnable until 1710.Vyborg

Vyborg in the Russian Empire

After the defeat in the Northern war and the fall of the Oreshek fortress Saint Petersburg came under threat of direct attack by the Swedes. Since 1706, Peter I made several attempts to force the Swedes to give him so important to Russia the island, but they all failed. Only the last, taken in 1710, brought the king the victory. 23 Jun Swedish garrison signed the instrument of surrender.

The Local population did not feel any harassment by the Russian conquerors. They had not extended the law of serfdom. In an Orthodox country, they retained their native, Lutheran, faith. Moreover, the city continued to live in their old, that is the Swedish laws. When the Russians came to the city's revived trade, any industrial enterprises, the number of residential areas, settlements, modernized the old fortifications. By the way, one of the mayors was Abram Petrovich Hannibal, the grandfather of the poet Alexander Pushkin.

From the outskirts the provincial Swedish town of Vyborg has become a prosperous province of Russia. Even the appearance of the city and its architecture has undergone tremendous changes. Here carried out their projects by many prominent architects, including Eduard Ivanovich Totleben and When Jacob'arenberg.

Since the mid-nineteenth century in Vyborg at a very rapid pace there was industrialization. Was built shipping the Saimaa canal, the city is gasified, then the turn before electricity, Central water and telephony. From 1856 to 1912 Vyborg was in the band unprecedented rapid economic development. In three years, built a railroad stretching more than 350 km, and in 1870 it on the route Saint-Petersburg – Helsinki was the first composition. In 1912 the most remote corners of Vyborg connected tram lines and the city's population by that time had grown to 50 thousand people. It was the second largest city in the Grand Duchy of Finland. The population consisted mainly of Finns – about 81 %, Swedish was 10 %, and to Russia only for 6.5 %.

The Specific the past, the mentality and the liberal tradition was the reason that Vyborg became the centre of attraction opponents of Royal power. Here was born the famous “Vyborg Manifesto”, calling for acts of civil disobedience. Before the revolution here was hiding VI Lenin.how old Vyborg

The Architect Jacob Arenberg

The Architect Arenberg was of the opinion that his native city should be an example for all, must show and teach the representatives of different nationalities and faiths can live peacefully together. Not so important, what power controls the territory in which they reside. Most importantly – the good-neighborly relations and mutual respect.

He Lived and worked Arenberg in the Russian Empire and considered himself a Russian architect (at that time Vyborg was the Grand Duchy of Finland was part of Russia). It is noteworthy that he, a Swedish national, is currently considered a Finnish architect. This is a unique feature of the Vyborg land.

In the history of Vyborg is the history of brutal wars of conquest, and monument Torgils the Knutsson created by Jacob Arenberg, – the first monument, and reconciling the romanticized history of the region.

Jacob Arenberg (1847-1914) designed and built several buildings that still adorn the city of three neighboring States. Such streets of Vyborg, the Soviet (former Poselska) and Fortress (formerly the Catherine), located in the city centre, the most interesting for esteeming the work of the famous architect. Directly at their intersection is the post office building. This is the last project of Arenberg. Here the architect deviated somewhat from his usual neo-Renaissance and inspired by the beauty of Drottingholm Palace, mimicking the Petrovsky Baroque.

In the Soviet street you can see the former residence of the Governor of Vyborg. Currently it houses the city Council of deputies of the Vyborg district. The house of the Governor can be considered the hallmark of Arenberg. A thin imitation of the Italian architect of the XVI century, expressed in the design of the facade. The project uses rustic tiles of the ground floor, ionic columns, semicircular Windows, symmetry, andthe strict geometric lines. On the same street there is a well-preserved building of the former real lycee, and if you walk a little further up School street, and there you can see the former girls ' school, built by the famous master.Swedish period

Finland

The February revolution of 1917 and the subsequent events in October gave rise to civil war and secession of the Great Principality of Finland. In the new state of Finland, the red revolution was defeated, and the country established a Republican government.

All ties with the USSR were severed. The equality of different nationalities was replaced by the primacy of the Finnish population. The Finnish language received the status of state.

Vyborg was the second largest city in the country – and as a cultural and industrial, and as a socio-political center. Local architect Otto-Iivari Meurman developed a forty-year development plan of the city and included in its hell of suburbs. The implementation of his ideas was started in 1929 in Finland and finished in the 70s in the Soviet Union.

The History of Vyborg preserved evidence that even before the war with Nazi Germany the city has built some very interesting buildings typical of the functionalist style. It is designed by Ragnar Upua trade naval school, state archive project UNO Ulberg and Alvar Aalto library.Vyborg fortifications

Library Alvar Aalto

In 2013, after extensive restoration, opened to the readers its doors to the Vyborg city library. Worldwide she is known as the Alvar Aalto library. This is the only trapped within the our country building the prominent Finnish architect. An adherent of functionalism in combination with modernism, Aalto designed and built the building that meets all requirements of the architecture in these styles.

The Library was built eight years and was opened in October 1935. During the war she was not injured, but in the postwar years was not exploited. As a result of damp and neglect had deteriorated utilities, plaster ceilings, was lost lamps and furniture clogged the unique ventilation system.

The First restoration of the 50-ies were conducted without original drawings, so the opening in 1961, the library bore little resemblance to the creation of Alvar Aalto. The second restoration 1994-2013 returned it to its original form. The work involved was created in 1992 in Finland, the Committee for restoration of the Vyborg library. Was developed by the international comprehensive scientific program for the restoration of the works of architect A. Aalto. The Russian side was financed from the Federal budget.

It Was restored ceiling light – 57 the round Windows in the flat roof. Their diameter is 1.8 m. Aalto calculated thickness and bevel of the cylindrical openings so that the light of the sun they refracted and reflected. Such diffused light is not harmful to the eyes and allows you to burn the books.

Started working Again ventilation system "climate control". Alvar Aalto designed it in such a way that the dust moves in the air. The heating pipe he has installed in the ceiling, wall mounted ventilation shafts, and under the Windows mounted valves are air flow.

In the lecture hall were recreated unique undulating acoustic ceiling.

To restore the library, with a few exceptions, used the same materials used by the architect himself.coat of arms of Vyborg

Three of the war years 1939-1944

From November 1939 to June 20, 1944, on the territory of the Vyborg district three times changed the power and structure of the population. All three military campaigns characterized by fierce fighting and heavy losses among the civilian population.

The First went down in history with the name "Winter war". Soviet version says that the fighting began Finns, firing at the border area of the Union artillery. The capitalist world community has announced the beginning of hostilities provocation of the Soviet state and expelled the Soviet Union from the League of Nations. March 12, 1940, the war ended with the signing of the Moscow peace Treaty, according to which 11% of territory of Finland, including Viipuri, was ceded to the Soviet Union. The Finnish government forcibly resettled the local population on the territory of Finland. Charges took 24 hours: no one had a good chance to gather all their belongings were thrown to the mercy of fate. According to a special program attached land was intensively populated by Russians, started to work in industrial enterprises, institutions of culture, education and health.

Peacetime ended on August 29, 1941, when units of the 4th corps of the army of Finland launched a retaliatory move and captured Vyborg. Russia again lost its North-Western fortress. The troops of the worker-peasant red Army left the city. The Finns returned home, but stayed here only for three years.

June 20, 1944, Soviet troops re-entered the Vyborg - Russia took revenge, and the Finns hastily evacuated to the interior of their country.the round tower

The Sixth stage of the – in the USSR

This period considered to be from the summer of 1944 on1991. Three wars have caused great damage to the city. Before leaving, the Finns mined the most important industrial enterprises and residential buildings. Not all managed to be cleaned up. More than 500 buildings were destroyed. On the shoulders of the Soviet people fell the heavy burden of recovery of the urban economy. Vyborg was included among the 15 cities for priority care.

In 1947, a plan was developed the development of infrastructure in Vyborg. By the mid-50's began to work instrument and shipbuilding plants, the plant of citric acid and others. To replace the tram bus came, the locomotives were replaced by electric trains. Historical sites such as the Crusader castle, fortifications, bridges and many medieval houses, began to restore. Opened sculpture Park and Museum-reserve «Park of mon repos”. Was partially restored clock tower of the Cathedral.

"Park Monrepos"

On the island of Tverdysh, in the Northern part of Vyborg, located historical-architectural and natural Museum-reserve "mon repos Park". Originally the land, king Peter gave in perpetuity to the commandant of the Vyborg fortress Stupishina. He drained the swamps, brought the fertile land, planted fruit and deciduous trees. All subsequent owners also contributed to the elevation of the estate.

The Most famous architects, painters, sculptors, garden masters and at different times worked on the estate buildings and landscape. Suffice it to mention such names as Montferrand, Martinelli, Gonzaga, Thomas de Thomon, A. I. Stakenschneider, Mettenleiter, Takanen. In the years of three wars 1939-1944 years, the majority of masterpieces were damaged, removed or destroyed. In Soviet times, restoration work at the Park involved is small. Most of the surviving buildings were used as institutions of social purpose – kindergarten, rest home, etc.

Currently, the Park is improving. Every summer it hosts music festivals of Celtic and folk music, and the renovation of old and construction of new structures intended to return the Park former appearance and purpose.clock tower of the Cathedral

Recent history of Vyborg

The recent history of Vyborg starts from 1991 to the present time. Despite the fact that some of our contemporaries say that from the point of view of protection of the northwestern frontier of the Russian Federation Vyborg has lost its former significance, we believe these thoughts are wrong and harmful. The fortress city is still protecting this land and our country from the invasion of alien ideology and way of life. This is its political and military importance. It is the most important marine and land base of the country.

Modern Vyborg – this is a beautiful, modern city living an active spiritual and business life. There are factories, several higher and secondary educational institutions, schools, kindergartens, hospitals and rest homes. Problems with public transport are solved thanks to the emergence of new transport interchanges. Developing the tourist sector of the economy. In particular, Vyborg fortifications on the Battery mount have become part of the tour itineraries.

Symbols

The main symbols of the city, which always guides tell and that are depicted on the souvenir production are the Crusader castle, Roman letter W, the arms of the city, the famous Vyborg pretzel, Drakkar, Hyacinth Church, St. Olaf's tower, the Paradise tower and clock, as well as the aforementioned monument to Marshal Knutsson.

Pretzel, as they say, is not what once brought glory to the town, but it's still very tasty, and tourists are still trying to buy and bring it to your loved ones.Church of the Hyacinth

As for the emblem, then it was changed several times. In 1710, after the victories of Peter I, was an attempt to decorate it with elephant, but this character did not catch on. Modern coat of arms of Vyborg - a slightly improved version of the emblem, approved by Empress Catherine II in 1788. There are three fields – blue, yellow and red. They - the three crowns and the letter W. Right and left two angels. Large wings of heavenly patrons and the fortress wall in the background to protect the welfare and peace of the inhabitants of their earth.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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