An industrial robot. Robots in the workplace. Machines-robots

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2020-05-24 07:00:25

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These devices today is particularly in demand in the economy. Industrial robot, a little like a prototype in the book of K. Capek “robot Uprising" does not Harbor revolutionary ideas. On the contrary, he faithfully performs, and with great precision, as the main manufacturing processes (Assembly, welding, painting) and secondary (that is, loading and unloading, the suction in the manufacture, transfer).

industrial robot

The Use of such “smart” machines facilitates the efficient solution of three major problems of production:

  • ­ increase productivity;
  • ­ improve the working conditions of people;
  • ­ optimize use of human resources.

Industrial robots - the brainchild of large-scale production

The Robots on the production massively spread in the end of XX century in connection with considerable growth of industrial production. Large series product led to the need for intensity and the quality of this work, which exceeds the objective of human capabilities. Instead of having to employ many thousands of skilled workers, high-tech factories operate numerous high-performance automatic line working mode intermittent or continuous cycles.

Leaders in the development of such technologies, identifying the wide application of industrial robots are Japan, USA, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Two large groups are divided manufactured in the above countries modern industrial robots. The types are determined by two fundamentally different methods of control:

  • ­ automatic manipulators;
  • ­ device, remotely controlled by man.

Why use them?

About the need for their creation began to speak in the early XX century. However, at that time did not exist the element base for implementation of the plan. Today, following the dictates of time, the robotic machines are used in most high-tech manufacturing.

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Unfortunately, upgrading such “smart” machines of entire industries is hampered by lack of investment. Although the advantages of their use clearly exceed the initial monetary costs, because they allow to speak not only and not so much about automation, but about deep changes in the sphere of production and labour.

The Use of industrial robots has allowed to carry out more effectively crippling the man on the complexity and accuracy of the work: loading/unloading, stacking, sorting, orientation of parts, moving workpieces from one robot to another, and finished products to the warehouse; spot welding and welding of joints; assembling mechanical and electronic parts; the laying of the cable; cutting the blanks on a complex contour.

Positioner as a component of a industrial robot

industrial robots manipulatorsFunctionally, this is “smart” car from the reprogrammable ACS (automatic control system) and working bodies (transport system and a mechanical manipulator). If the ACS is typically quite compact, visually hidden and not immediately catches the eye, then work the body has such a characteristic that the industrial robot is often referred to in the following way: “robots”.

By definition, a manipulator is a device performing movement in space, work surfaces and items of work. These devices consist of elements of two types. First provide movement forward character. The second angular displacement. Such standard parts for its motion use either pneumatic or hydraulic (more powerful) drive.

The Manipulator created by analogy with the human hand, for parts equipped with sophisticated gripper. Various devices of this type directly capture most often was carried out by mechanical fingers. When working with flat surfaces, the objects were captured with the help of mechanical suction cups.

If the manipulator had to work simultaneously with many similar workpieces, the gripper is accomplished through the special and spacious design.

Instead of the gripping device of the manipulator are often equipped with mobile welding equipment, special-tech spray gun or just with a screwdriver.

As the robot moves

The automatic robots usually accommodate two types of movement in space (although some of them can be fixed). It depends on the specific conditions of production. If it is necessary to provide a smooth surface, then it is implemented using directional monorail. If you want to work at different levels, use of “walking” system with pneumatic suction cups. The robot is well-versed in spatial and angular coordinates. Modern devices positioning such devices are unified, they consist of the process units and provide high-precision moving of workpieces weighing from 250 to 4000 kg.

Design

The Use of the automated machines it is on a diversified production led to a certain unification of their basic blocks. Modernindustrial robot manipulators have in its construction:

  • ­a frame, used for mounting detalizovannye the device (grab) - a kind of “hand”, is actually doing the processing;
  • ­grapple with a guide (the latter determines the position of the “hands” in space);
  • ­device security, which transforming and transmitting energy in the form of torque on the axle (thanks to them, the industrial robot receives the movement's potential);
  • ­system monitoring and management carry out their programs; acceptance of new programs; analyzing sensor information, and, accordingly, its transfer to the providing device;
  • ­positioning system of the working parts, measuring the positions and displacements of the axes of manipulation.

The dawn of the industrial robots

industrial robotsBack in the recent past and remember how the story began with the creation of industrial machines. The first robots appeared in the US in 1962, and had them produced by companies “Unimas incorporated” and “Versatran”. Although, to be precise, earlier still produced industrial robot “Unimat”, created by the American engineer D. DeVol, who had patented his own ACS, programmable via punch cards. It was an obvious technical breakthrough: «smart» machine to remember the coordinates of the points of the route and carried out work under the program.

The First industrial robot “Unimat” was equipped with a two-finger gripping devices on the actuator and a “hand” on a hydraulic actuator with five degrees of freedom. Its characteristics allow to move the 12-pound detail with an accuracy of 1.25 mm.

Another robot manipulator “Versatran” created by the same company, we load and unload 1200 bricks per hour in a kiln. He has successfully replaced human labor in hazardous to their health the environment with high temperature. The idea of its creation has been very successful, and the design is so robust that a separate machine that stamps continue to work in our time. This is despite the fact that their resource has exceeded hundreds of thousands of hours.

Note that the device of industrial robot of the first generation in terms of value assumed 75% mechanics and 25% of electronics. Changeover of such devices has required time and caused the outages. In order to convert them in order to perform new works has been replaced management program.

A Second generation of robotic machines

It Soon became clear: despite all the advantages, the first-generation machine was flawed… the Second generation assumed a more granular control of industrial robots - adaptive. The first device is required to streamline the environment in which they worked. The latter circumstance often meant high additional costs. It was critical for the development of mass production.

A New stage of progress characterized by development of multiple sensors. With their help, the robot got the quality, called ‘otsuvstviya”. He began to receive information about the external environment and, in accordance with it to choose the optimal variant of action. For example, acquired the skills to take part and to overcome her obstacle. Such action occurs due to microprocessor processing the received information, which is then entered in the variables of control programs, really are guided by robots.

The main Types of industrial operations (welding, painting, Assembly, various types of machining) are also subject to adaptation. That is, when each of them triggers a multiplicity to improve the quality of any kind of the above works.

The Management of the industrial manipulators are mainly carried out in software. The hardware management functions industrial mini-computers PC/104 or MicroPC. Note that adaptive control is based on the multiple software. And the decision about which kind of work program is adopted by the robot on the basis of information about the environment described by the detectors.

A Characteristic feature of the operation of the robot of the second generation is a pre-installed operation modes, each of which is activated when certain parameters obtained from the external environment.

The Third generation of robots

robotic machine

The automatic robots of the third generation is able to generate its action depending on tasks and circumstances in the external environment. They have no "cheat sheets", i.e., painted technological actions in certain embodiments the external environment. They have the ability to optimally develop the algorithm of its work, and promptly implement it practically. The cost of the electronics of such an industrial robot is ten times higher than its mechanical parts.

The Newest robot, carrying out the capture details thanks to sensors, “knows” how well he did. In addition, adjusted herself gripping force (feedback force) depending on the fragility of the material. Perhaps that is why the device of industrial robot of the new generation of intelligent call.

As you know, “brain” of such a device is the system of its management. The most promising isregulation is carried out according to the methods of artificial intelligence.

Intelligence of these machines is asked the software packages, programmable logic controllers, simulation tools. On the production of industrial robots are networked, providing a level of interaction between the system “man - machine”. Also developed forecasting tools for the functioning of such devices in the future thanks to the implemented modeling software that allows you to choose the best options and configuration connecting to the network.

Leading companies manufacturing robots

Today, the use of industrial robots is provided by leading companies, including Japanese (Fanuc, Kawasaki, Motoman, OTC Daihen, Panasonic), American (KC Robots, Triton Manufacturing, Kaman Corporation), German (Kuka).

What is known in the world these firms? The assets of Fanuc - the fastest for today, the Delta robot M-1iA (such machines are usually used in packaging), the most powerful of the robots-numbers - M-2000iA worldwide robots-ArcMate welders.

Not less demand for industrial robots in the production category which was developed by Kuka. These machines are with German precision are processing, welding, Assembly, packaging, palletizing, and loading.

An impressive lineup of Japanese-American company Motoman (Yaskawa), working for the American market: 175 models of industrial robots, and more than 40 integrated solutions. Industrial robots used in manufacturing in the United States, most of them manufactured of this leading the industry company.

Other us firms occupy a niche by manufacturing a more narrow range of specialized devices. For example, release Daihen and Panasonic welding robots.

Ways of organizing automated manufacturing

industrial robotsIf we talk about automated production, it was initially implemented the hard linear principle. However, it is at a sufficiently high speed of the production cycle has a significant drawback - downtime due to failures. Alternatively, was invented rotary technology. At such organization of production in a circle is moving and the workpiece, and she automated line (robots). The machine in this case can duplicate the functions and failures are virtually eliminated. However, in this case, lost speed. Ideal organizing process - a hybrid of the above two. It's called the rotary Assembly.

Industrial robot as an element of flexible automatic production

Modern “smart” the device reconfigures quickly, highly productive and perform their own work using their tooling, processing materials and blanks. Depending on the specific usage they can be used within the same program and varying your work, i.e. choosing from a fixed amount provided to programs is needed.

Industrial robot is a constituent element of the flexible automated production (the customary abbreviation - gap). The latter also includes:

  • ­system, which performs computer-aided design;
  • ­complex automated control of technological equipment of production;
  • ­industrial robot manipulators;
  • ­automatically working production transport;
  • ­devices responsible for loading/unloading and placement;
  • ­the system of control over production processes;
  • ­automatic management of production.

Read More about the practice of using robots

the first industrial robotThese industrial applications are the modern robots. The types vary and they provide high productivity of strategically important industries. In particular, in many ways, the economy of modern Germany owes its growing potential in their use. In what industries employ these “iron workers”? In the Metalworking industry they operate in virtually all processes: casting, welding, forging, providing the highest quality of work.

Casting industry with extreme conditions of human labour (this refers to the high temperature and pollution) is largely robotized. Machine from Kuka mounted even in foundries.

The Food industry is also received from Kuka equipment for production purposes. “Food robots" (photo provided in the article) for the most part displace people in areas with special conditions. Common in production cars, providing a heated indoor microclimate with a temperature not exceeding 30 degrees Celsius. Robots stainless steel masterfully processed meat, are engaged in manufacturing dairy products, and, of course, stack and pack the products in an optimal way.

It is Difficult to overestimate the contribution of such devices in the automotive industry. According to experts, the most powerful and efficient machines of today are exactly the “kukowska” robots. Photos of such devices, offering a full range of Assembly operations, are impressive. When it really is time to talk about automated production.

The Processing of plastics, production of plastic, manufacturingcomplicated shape parts from a variety of materials provide the robots on the production is really harmful to human health, the contaminated environment.

Another important field of application of “kukowski" units is woodworking. Moreover, the described devices provide both the individual orders and the establishment of large scale production at all stages, from primary processing and cutting to milling, drilling, grinding.

Prices

Currently on the market of Russia and CIS countries are in demand produced by the companies Kuka and Fanuc robots. Their prices range from 25 000 to 800, 000. This is an impressive extension is due to the existence of different models: standard, light-duty (5-15 kg) s (solving special problems), specialized (running in non-standard environment), large capacity (up to 4000 MT).

Insights

automatic robotsIt Should be recognized that the potential of using industrial robots is still not activated fully. While the efforts of specialists and modern technologies allow to realize more ambitious ideas.

Need to increase the performance of the world economy and to maximize the share of intellectual labor are powerful incentives for the development of new types and modifications of industrial robots.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://www.tostpost.com/ar/business/22417-an-industrial-robot-robots-in-the-workplace-machines-robots.html

BE: https://www.tostpost.com/be/b-znes/37406-pramyslovy-robat-robaty-na-vytvorchasc-a-tamaty-robaty.html

DE: https://www.tostpost.com/de/business/39392-industrieroboter-roboter-in-der-produktion-automaten-roboter.html

ES: https://www.tostpost.com/es/centro-de/39169-el-robot-industrial-los-robots-en-la-producci-n-m-quinas-robots.html

HI: https://www.tostpost.com/hi/business/20884-an-industrial-robot-robots-in-the-workplace-machines-robots.html

JA: https://www.tostpost.com/ja/business/21993-an-industrial-robot-robots-in-the-workplace-machines-robots.html

KK: https://www.tostpost.com/kk/biznes/37233-nerk-s-pt-k-robot-robottar-nd-r-ste-avtomattar-robottar.html

PL: https://www.tostpost.com/pl/biznes/36305-przemys-owy-robot-roboty-na-produkcji-automaty-roboty.html

PT: https://www.tostpost.com/pt/neg-cios/36489-rob-industrial-rob-s-na-produ-o-m-quinas-rob-s.html

TR: https://www.tostpost.com/tr/business/36814-end-striyel-robot-robotlar-retim-makineleri-robotlar.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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