Agriculture: oil crops. Maslenitsa Russian culture

Pancake and cereal crops occupy a special place in agriculture on the territory of the Russian Federation. The fats that get out of their seeds and fruits are of special value.

Oil crops: plant list

Spaces are used in the food industry, serve as one of the main raw materials of agricultural production. The most common oil crops Russia – canola, mustard, soybean, castor, sunflower. In the list there are also Perilla, lallemantia, sesame, safflower, peanuts, and many others. Processing of oilseeds is one of the main directions of primary industries.

Sunflower

He heads the list, which presents pancake field crops. Sunflower in the domestic territory began to cultivate since the mid-18th century. At the specified time, this carnival culture spread in the Kuban region, the Saratov and Voronezh regions. The beginning of world sunflower occupied about 3 million hectares. Significant development of this plant can be noted in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania.

Statistics in Russia

The Potential yield of sunflower is about 4-5 quintals per hectare. In 2011 in the southern region figures 14.5 C/ha, and in the Volga – 10.7 t/ha. Farmers produced about 27% of the culture. The main reasons for low yields are violations of crop rotation and agrotechnical methods of cultivation. Along with this, not least important are the effects of parasites, diseases and pests. However, sunflower – this is the most cost-effective, high-yielding oil crops. 2006-2010 the share of his crops made up about 12%. Among the common indicators of production of oilseed sunflower took 80%. In the Soviet period it was considered that the most complete pollination hectare is achieved with the participation of 0.5-1 bee families. In early 70-ies of the productivity of honey was estimated to be 16.3-3.5 kg/ha. Since that time, significantly increased the list of hybrids and varieties of sunflower grown in Russia.

Recommended

Staff evaluation: system and methods

Personnel Assessment allows you to identify how competent the employees involved in the enterprise, and it is the performance of their work – the most significant factor affecting the efficiency of the company. To clarify the impact of performa...

How to start your own business: important aspects.

Many people, tired of working for someone else, are increasingly thinking about how to start your own business. Someone wants to open a salon, someone store, and someone enough and vegetable stalls. Before you throw in the pool with his head, it is i...

Business activities. its essence and basic functions

The Entrepreneurial activity of the citizen – is undertaken at your own risk and independent activity, which aims to systematically profit through the sale of works, goods, services, use of the property. The citizen engaged in such activities, ...

Nutritional value of sunflower

As the main product of processing of culture is oil. Besides him, from sunflower to get a variety of side raw materials. For example, the separate importance is the use of stem plants in the pulp industry. In them there is about 40-48% of cellulose. In addition, the stalks of the sunflower are used in fiberboard production. There is a widespread plant in agriculture – it's used as fodder crops. In the dry season in late summer when crop sowing it is obtained from the green mass. It, in turn, used in the preparation of silage.

Pancake len

It is distributed mainly in dry and warm areas. In particular, the culture is grown in Western, Central and southern Asia, South, North and Central America. Recently conducted various experiments to determine the feasibility of its cultivation in Central Europe. Pancake flax is a low branching plant. It grows to 50-80 cm depending on the shape of the planting the number of branches varies from 2 to 10 and more. Flax oil is used in food industry. In addition, it serves as raw materials for paint and leather-Shoe industry. Flax meal has a high nutritional value and is used in the preparation of concentrated feed for dairy cattle. It has protein, fiber and oil. Flax meal is easily enough digested by cattle. Thanks to nutritional components present in it, increased yield, increased percentage of fat in milk. Flax straw can be used in the production of paper. Also, this oil crops used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Features of the cultivation of flax

Before the revolution in Russia, the processing of this culture was rather primitive. Only in the Soviet years, the state and collective farms have managed to increase crops. This was achieved through the use of mechanization. Cultivated mostly medium sized plants not branching at the base, but with branches from middle of stem. In recent years, the fiber of flax is used to produce paper or kolonizatsii. This production is very common in America. The stem of oilseed flax is typically stronger than the spinning, and it has less fiber.

White Mustard

This carnival culture came from the Mediterranean countries, Eastern India and Western Europe. Since ancient times, mustard is used as a medicinal herb and a spice. As oil crops it has been used relatively recently. Despite the fact that it belongs to the summer plantings, it is of limited distribution. Over the past decades, the mustard acts as an intermediate fodder crops.

Soy

It is an annual herb of the legume family. Insoybean roots are special bacteria, due to which the conversion of nitrogen contained in the environment. Soybeans are rich in protein (40-45%), fats (20%), carbohydrates (30%). In addition, it contains various mineral elements (about 5-6%). Protein composition and amino acid set soy is considered to be the closest analogue of animal food. Manufacturing plants is increasing constantly. So, from 1998, the year it stood at 156.5 million tons, This figure exceeds the figures for the years 1991-1995 by 30%.

Areas of soybean production

In Russia for today receive about 280 tons of beans per year. Most of them are used for fodder purposes. The main areas of soybean production:

1. North Caucasus, the Rostov region, Krasnodar Krai Adygeya, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia. Here is the order of 9.6% of crops and is more than 13% of gross collection.
2. Far East (Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krai). In this area there is more than 88% of the crops. The share of the gross harvest for DV is 86% of the total in the country.
3. East and West Siberia, Ural and Volga regions. It houses about 1.5% of crops and is of the order of 1% of gross collection.

Peanuts

This carnival culture was imported from Turkey in 1792. In 1825-m, was made the first attempts to acclimatize peanuts in Odessa. Today in small areas the plant is grown in the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia. Peanut is cultivated for production of food vegetable oil from its seeds. The share of this product accounts for about 53% of the total. With regard to the levels of peanut protein, it is inferior to the one of soybeans. From tons of shelled seeds on average receive from 226 to 317 kg of oil. Primarily this product is used in confectionery and canning industries. Milled peanut seeds are used as additives in the manufacturing process of chocolate. Tops and bagasse are used as forage for animals. In the hay there is 11% protein. Nutritive value of the tops is not inferior to clover and Lucerne. For the food industry cultivated a special sort. They don't have a bean taste. Roasted seeds edible varieties are eaten, crushed are used as additives to confectionery products.