What are dolls? Types of dolls: description

They come in a variety of sizes, are made from numerous materials, some of them look like kids, others — just like adults, play with them little girls, they become part of expensive collections, in some cultures even worship them. Guess who I'm talking about? The heroes of this article, the dolls. Kinds of dolls, as well as the history of their appearance, describe in full are quite difficult, if not impossible.

The First dolls and their purpose

The Main feature that distinguishes the doll from other toys is that she looks like a man, and the degree of similarity can be different. Rag dolls-amulets similar to the human silhouette, but the dolls of a child barely distinguishable from real babies.

More primitive people made humanoid figures, but the appointment of such products was sacred. Worshipped statues of men in Ancient Egypt, as evidenced by archaeological finds. They were made of wood, fabric, clay, precious stones and metals. At the same time, dolls made from scrap materials, used for children to play.

Dolls that played in antiquity in Ancient Greece and Rome, indeed admirable, because hands and feet have these toys move with the help of hinges.

In the Middle ages in Europe the doll was widely used in Christianity, because with their help it was easy and fun to tell Bible stories. In our time, preserved the tradition on Christmas eve to put the temple prototype of the Bethlehem creche, where the role of baby Jesus, virgin Mary, Joseph, and other participants in the scene are the large doll.

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Slavic dolls

Since pagan times doll charms become part of the culture of our ancestors. For the manufacture of dollies used a variety of materials such as flax, straw, ash, clay, fabric, wood and other. The process of creation was shrouded in a large number of rules and prohibitions. For example, a person was always left unpainted, as he believed that through the eye to possess evil spirits. And it was forbidden to use a needle and scissors. The fabric is not cut, not to cut a fortune, and broke off, are wrapped in a certain way and secured with knots to form the shape of the doll. The types of dolls-talismans depended on their appointment. So, doll "Datatruck" was designed to help the young mistress with a new troubles at home, and Bereginya protected the household from evil men.

In Addition to the dolls-talismans of the Slavs was in the game and ritual dolls. Games made specifically for children, because oberezhnye dolls to play was forbidden. But ceremonial dolls created on the occasion of some celebration.

Luxury

From the mid 14th century, French craftsmen began to produce dolls which have undoubtedly contributed to the consolidation of the status of France fashion power. In those days, when it was not glamorous publications and visual media, fine doll Pandora its appearance to show the world the latest fashion trends. The growth of these ladies was 35 cm, and each of them came with a chest of costumes and accessories. The cost of these porcelain beauties made them available only to the higher strata of society. While Pandora took their places of honor on reach of children shelves for games used dolls is easier and cheaper.

Germany 15th century became a place of flourishing of wooden dolls, with the emergence in the 19th century, the new material — papier-mache — the face and hands toy beauties are more expressive and graceful. For these purposes it is used and the more expensive porcelain, but the body itself was made from fabric.

In the 18th century saw the light of paper dolls, but, as in the story of Pandora and porcelain beauties, they are not intended for gaming. Using these paper models the designers have developed and demonstrated their creations.

A Revolution in the doll world

The Appearance of such material as plastic has undoubtedly made a real revolution in the manufacture of toys. In 70-e years of the 19th century in America for the manufacture of doll heads began to use celluloid — special plastic based on cellulose. The new material was not afraid of water, was much stronger than porcelain, and most importantly — are cheaper. But there were disadvantages: the celluloid plastic is very easily ignited and burns well, so in the 20th century, the puppeteers refused to use it.

Crucial factor can be considered the emergence of a number of factories where mass and the laws of the market were made dolls. The types of dolls identified demand and needs of children of different age groups. Dolls finally began to create just for children.

You Cannot underestimate the importance of the dolls for the formation of the personality of the girl and her socialization in society. With the help of puppets, the child can play various situations from real life from the position of the adult, learn to communicate with others. Favorite little girls game girls — the mother develops maternal instinct, promotes the formation of personality.

Well-known and favorite pups needed the girl, after all, caring for such child plastic baby learning to be a mom. Very interesting to watch but kids of 10–12 months at this time they begin to imitate adults. At this time doll-doll will beas it is impossible by the way.

Over time for the production of the dolls began to use more appropriate materials — vinyl, rubber, silicone. Synthetic materials have replaced natural, thereby enabling industry to develop, and children — to the various models of dolls with which to play safely.

Dolls in the Soviet Union

While European craftsmen produced exquisite dolls from porcelain, puppeteers tsarist Russia did not remain aloof. In the 18th– 19th centuries became famous Russian factory Zhuravleva and Kochetkova, Gudkov and Fedoseeva, Shrayer and Fingerhut. Dolls of the era portrayed elegant ladies, hussars, fashionable urban women. And no wonder for his indiscretion in the 20-ies of the 20th century, these beautiful Russian dolls were destroyed on the orders of the Soviet government.

In a new country toys was supposed to be for ordinary people. Dolls were made of plastic, sometimes the trunk was done the rag. Details have not been given much importance, the hair combed out, from the outfits this doll except that it was speckled print dress. Rubber doll Zina became the heroine of the eponymous poem by Agnes Barto. Why Zina? At that time, each doll had its own name - it pointed to the tag attached to the toy.

The Paper dolls have become another symbol of the era. They can be found in the Arsenal of every Soviet girls. Closet a doll would be infinitely large, because to invent and draw new outfits it was possible.

In the late 1980s on the shelves of Soviet stores, a foreign doll Barby, remaining popular in our days.

Contemporary brands

Popular today Barbie doll was invented by American Ruth Handler in the 1950s, the prototype for it was the doll Lilly — the heroine of a German comic papers. The fundamental difference of the Barbie doll from other dolls of that time was the fact that Barbie is not a child. With such dolls the girls had the opportunity to put themselves in the game in place of an adult. By the way, it is easy to guess, what was the name of the daughter of the inventor of the famous dolls. Her name was Barbara.

Since its inception until today, Barbie has undergone many transformations, both in principle and her wardrobe. But then and now — she is the most popular doll in the world.

About 15 years ago there was another doll that I talked all — it's a Bratz doll. They were created in the image of Barbie, but if Barbie — a grown woman with a thin waist, long legs and large Breasts, the doll Bratz — rather, the teenager, with less severe forms, but not devoid of them. It has noticeably disproportionate head, but this idea of developers liking girls around the world.

Large dolls, rising almost like children, also in the trend. For example, the doll Baby born growth of 43 cm and is 7 cm less than the average growth of the newborn infant. The doll is able to cry, eat porridge, drink water, and go to the bathroom. Dolls growth of 70-80 cm represent older children.

While all the adults obsessed with books and shows about vampires, zombies and other vermin, this topic has got into the world of children. Dolls monster high, which cross each grandmother, were the most popular toys of our time. The background for their creation was the cartoon, the characters who learn at monster high. They all have magical powers and a very unusual appearance. A whole series of dolls devoted to the heroines of other popular cartoons "Winx", "my little Pony", "Novi Old Dollars".

Still in fashion remain funny textile doll Tilda, invented by Norwegian Tony Finnanger. These toys-primitives appeared in 1999, and the story of their adventures can be read in the book series of the same name.

Not for children, and

About 20 years ago in America was invented by the fancy silicone dolls in the form of children who received even a single name — reborn is. These toys are quite expensive, because to pass all the fine features can only real master, and manually. And play these dolls... adults.

Opinions about reborn divided. The fact that these silicone dolls, say some, "eerily similar to the real thing”, so either collect them for fun, or are treated as living, but it is similar to mental illness.

Dolls

A New direction in contemporary art — it is the creation of dolls. Kinds of dolls in this field can be defined on the basis of the manufacturing technique, the art, the genre execution, the appointment.

These dolls are always unique, they are created by the author in a single copy, filled with feelings and emotions. Unfortunately, like many other kinds of dolls, more designed for contemplation, not for games.

Dolls of the Nations of the world

Each nation has its own famous dishes, songs, costumes, and other phenomena of material and spiritual culture, among which its place is taken by national toys.

The Russian nesting dolls — one of the most recognizable and favorite Souvenirs from Russia. Japan is famous for its Kokeshi dolls made from wood and raspisanie manually.

African dolls portray black women, are made of wood, leaves, grass, adorned withbeads.

Rubber doll of our childhood, new-fangled Baby Bon or a simple rag doll, which played a few years ago, — all these girly toys have one important purpose. With their help little girls learn to be mothers, in the form of games learn the models of behaviour accepted in society. The relevance of these toys is maintained at all times.