Myocardial infarction: causes, diagnosis, symptoms and treatment

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2018-03-24 03:34:23

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One of the worst diseases occurring in recent times, with alarming frequency – myocardial infarction. Heart in such a situation suffers areas – there is a destruction of a certain percentage of muscle fibers. The situation is triggered by lack of blood flow to the affected element. Medical statistics not just researched the issue and gathered Analytics shows that the most dangerous heart attack for persons 40-60 years of age. The risk is higher for men, but among the female half of humanity the frequency of this problem is less than 1.5 times or even twice.

signs of myocardial infarction

What is it?

Common causes of myocardial infarction, ischemia, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis. The probability of such an outcome is higher if a person smokes, is overweight, leading a sedentary lifestyle. Special attention should be paid to the abuse of tobacco products – the process of Smoking is associated with the narrowing of the heart coronary vessels, so the muscle fibers of the body does not receive the necessary volumes of blood, however – oxygen, nutrients. Despite the definition of at risk people are predominant in the middle and older age, the addiction to Smoking makes the risk of heart attack is higher among young people. Sometimes a heart attack – is the primary manifestation of which allows to detect ischemia.

As can be seen from the medical statistics, and to this day, many ordinary people do not know what it is – myocardial infarction. The consequences that it can provoke, is not too famous among the masses, so people don't take measures to prevent such diseases. But statistics is relentless: for older patients a heart attack – one of the most frequent causes of disability. Out of every hundred patients death is recorded in 10-12 cases.

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Where the trouble came?

To the heart functioned normally, it is necessary to ensure oxygen supplies and components (mineral, vitamins) that we need fiber for active living. The supply of all required implemented through an extensive circulatory system of coronary vessels. If one of them is sealed, diagnose a heart attack.

As you can see from the statistics, the blood clot – one of the most frequent causes of obstruction of the coronary artery, and formed by such a formation of plaque caused by atherosclerosis. Oxygen reserves accumulated in the cells sufficient to maintain viability within a ten second time period. About half an hour the muscle is viable, even if the artery is blocked by a clot.

The Next stage of a disease, such as myocardial infarction are irreversible changes in the muscle tissue. Since the start of the occlusive process is 3 - 6 hours to complete death of all cells of the damaged area. Checking the condition of a patient in a hospital setting, it is possible to establish whether there has been a small lesion or an area of large. Sometimes diagnose transmural shape, which is characteristic of lesions of the myocardium throughout the thickness.

Clinic and diagnostics

It is difficult to formulate precisely all the characteristics of the clinic myocardial infarction, as the picture from patient to patient differs strongly enough. This is directly linked one of the serious difficulties-timely diagnosis statement.

Typically, the patient is checked for the setting that reads the electrocardiogram, clarifies the nature of the pain and take the blood biochemistry-myocardial analysis shows a rather characteristic changes, from which we can conclude that the damage to the heart cells. If the situation is questionable, you should conduct additional activities to assess the condition of the patient. To help often come radioisotope detection methods are affected necrotic processes of the hearth.

effects of myocardial infarction

Typical symptoms

Assume myocardial infarction is possible if prolonged pain bother close to the heart, behind the breastbone. The feeling is described as pressing, squeezing, intense, radiating to the shoulder blades, back, neck, arm. If you take Nitroglycerin, pain does not pass.

The Patient sweats profusely; the skin is pale, as close to fainting. However, the described symptoms – this is a classic pattern, but in practice is not always symptoms such.

In some cases, the disease manifests itself weak unpleasant sensations in the heart area, as if the disruptions in the functioning of muscles. There are also such cases when the person does not feel pain. There is a possibility of atypical myocardial infarction. If the disease develops in such a scenario, there are noticeable problems with breathing, sore stomach, painful develops shortness of breath. To diagnose the situation correctly is quite difficult.

Consequences: what to fear?

The Disease is dangerous not only in itself, scary and complications of myocardial infarction, especially severe, developing, if not to take timely measures to restore the functioning of the heart.

The Situation may cause a failure of the functioning of the heart muscle in the acute form, causing cardiac rupture, disturbance of the rhythm of the heartbeat, cause cardiogenic shock or other conditions hazardous to the life of the patient. Any complicationstriggered by a heart attack, require urgent qualified help.

What to do?

Noticing the above symptoms of a heart attack or from a friend, consult to doctors, if possible – to call the emergency assistance, on the phone describing all the features of the patient's condition. Waiting for the doctor, you need to provide primary care person. The patient is placed or seated, keep him comfortable, give to dissolve a pill Nitroglycerin or 40 drops of "Sage".

diagnosis of heart attack

The Doctor to find symptoms of myocardial infarction usually makes arrangements for the early transportation of the patient in hospital conditions.

A heart attack is treated strictly in the intensive care unit. It uses analgesics, funds, effective as dissolving blood clots, and drugs to reduce pressure.

The task of the doctors – effectively reduce the volume of blood circulating in the heart, to stabilize the patient's condition and to normalize the heart rate. The effectiveness of any medication and other activities directly depends on the efficiency of patient admission to the intensive care unit. The more time since the onset of the infarction has passed, the worse the prognosis. Sometimes a matter of life and death – it's not even the hours and minutes.

Responsibility and consistency

After myocardial infarction it is necessary to pass a rehabilitation course. The validity of this interval, the correct actions of the doctors and patient compliance with recommendations, enhancing the chances of effective recovery. Experts select the treatment based on the patient's condition, General indications and individual characteristics of the case.

Rehabilitation is sometimes stretched to six months, and a number of drugs have to use daily life. The correctness of performance of medical instructions, compliance with a healthy lifestyle, not Smoking, combined with a sensible diet provide many years of quality life.

The Best treatment – prevention

In Order not to face heart attack myocardial wall, you should take the most effective measures. Currently arrange annual medical investigations at the Federal level. A visit to the doctor to clarify the characteristics of state-level health of the heart, detection of chronic pathologies, their treatment by suitable means – it all helps to minimize the risk terrible heart disease.

If diagnosed ischemia, hypertension or atherosclerosis, it is not necessary to wait until the thunder clap, you should immediately abandon harmful habits and start eating healthy food to make lifestyle changes and regularly use physician-recommended remedies like pharmaceutical, industrial, and herbal if doctor will recommend such.

Ischemia and infarction

Ischaemia – one of the most dangerous diagnoses related to the functioning of the heart muscle. Recently, it put an increasing percentage of the population. A similar disease in history – the occasion for a thorough diagnosis of the coronary arteries. For this purpose, a special approach – angiography.

The Images that are used x-rays to assess exactly where triggered by atherosclerosis plaques, which areas of the heart muscle is most vulnerable, and to assess the quality gaps of the coronary vessels. If a detailed study showed the presence of contractions, you can use the special technology to extend ducts from the inside:

  1. If the doctor decides that a particular patient requires such a procedure, he is referred for angioplasty.
  2. Another good option for the prevention of heart attack-stent implantation, that is, a framework made of metal that keeps the vessel open.
  3. Sometimes there are indications for bypass surgery. This is quite a complex operation, requiring the participation of highly qualified doctors. It is the formation of new blood vessels connecting artery, the aorta. This duct will serve as an additional path for blood, which is needed by the heart muscle.
heart pain

Stage of disease

There are four stages of myocardial infarction, and each of them has individual features and characteristics. There are:

  • Acute phase;
  • Acute;
  • Subacute;
  • Scarring.

As can be seen from the medical statistics, almost half of all cases for the patient, are completely unpredictable. Many attribute this carelessness to his condition, common to many our compatriots. However, up to 60% of post-myocardial infarction was noted that previously quite worried about the long angina.

First bells about the danger

To Suspect signs of myocardial infarction is possible by pain concern in the region of the heart. Unpleasant sensations that signal the possibility of the development of the situation can be felt in the ear area and even belly, jaw, shoulder and forearm. Some pain at first is quite weak, lethargic, others immediately sharp, cutting. Often feeling disturbed after heavy loads, sports, stress, accompany a strongemotions. In 90% of cases the underlying cause-atherosclerosis, which requires any modern man particularly attentive to their health in General and to protection of the circulatory system of cholesterol, in particular.

Usually the attacks, pointing to an increased risk of myocardial infarction, start several weeks before the development of the situation in the heavy scenario, although sometimes the signals can disturb and years. One thing unites them – how much would this period did not last, without adequate qualified medical assistance sooner or later he will end the attack, accompanied by tissue death.

Call the Doctor at the first suspicion of the possibility of a heart attack to see a specialist, to take measures to prevent deterioration.

medical care

The Next phase

If you ignore the initial symptoms, a high probability of acute myocardial infarction. Know its symptoms, you need everyone, in order to identify if a starts the acute phase. It has already been specified, what are the symptoms of this stage the main. As additional symptoms can be a sudden toothache, weakness and chills. May feel dizzy, all this is accompanied with frequent pulse.

The Power of pain, and their localization determined by the type of the heart muscle was under attack. The pain is stronger, the larger the covered process area. There are also such situations, when the acute phase of the heart stopped and that was the only symptom of the condition.

The period of a heart attack – the most dangerous. A certain percentage of muscle fibers dies, the heart is forced to cope with the load, not having the resources, and it can cause a complete stop. Suspecting the symptoms, taking medications for angina and making sure that no pronounced effect from them, should immediately contact the ambulance.

The Disease develops

Occurs After acute acute myocardial infarction. Symptoms are similar to the previous stage, but somewhat smoother, the pain becomes weaker. Necrotic processes in the cardiac muscle fibers provoke a fever. The fever lasts a week, sometimes longer, and the power of heat depends on the location of the region of death.

The Next step – subacute. This form of myocardial infarction is accompanied by a reduction in the rate of rhythm of the heartbeat gradually returning to normal temperature. After a couple of weeks after a heart attack begin to form scars on the affected area of the heart muscle. After that starts the recovery period. At the same symptomatology as such, no, but angina continues to be disturbed by the regular attacks. If you do not start adequate treatment, and high likelihood of recurrence of the attack.

To prevent this, you should start the fight against atherosclerosis, ischemia. Vascular lesions are dangerous not only for the heart but also the brain, as a detached plaque can clog the blood vessels that feed the brain tissue.

Special case: patients – women

In such a situation diagnosis of myocardial infarction, the disease and its treatment have a number of specific features. Above it was mentioned that the cases are more typical of the male sex, so pathology in women yet are poorly studied.

In many ways, the protection from ischemia ensured by the presence in organism in sufficient amount of estrogen produced in the course of their lives. Due to this connection decreases the risk of atherosclerosis, plaques grow not so fast. Hormonal compounds in the body becomes less during menopause, so with this age associated increased risk.

To Suspect a heart attack can be swelling of the extremities-this symptom usually appears in the late afternoon. About the approach of a dangerous situation is signaled by fatigue, not letting go even after a long rest, shortness of breath. Some complain about failures of the digestive system. By itself, a heart attack may not even be accompanied by severe chest pain, but often sick, high temperature and pressure. Possible toothache.

Is the probability and the complete absence of symptoms. Doctors note that this variant of the disease is significantly more dangerous than the obvious shape, as many people simply do not give the incident meaning. Among women high percentage of patients who recognize heart attack occurred accidentally as part of a diagnostic survey.

ECG and heart

Men's case: features

The strong half of mankind the treatment of myocardial infarction has its specific features related with the pathology. To suspect the disease can be sweating, severe pain and frequent pulse, weakness, high blood pressure. Previously it was thought that the risk of such pathology characteristic only to people forty years of age and older, but in recent years the situation has changed: increasingly, the problem diagnosed in young men. This is explained by the low mobility in everyday life, poor diet, harmful saturated fats. More and more people overweight, sick with diabetes. As can be seen from the medical statistics at a young age of a heart attack often occurs without symptoms.

Not typical

Often in the elderly disease is atypical. To a greater extent is characteristic of individuals who have previously a heart attack has already happened (and sometimes more than once). Atypical forms have several types:

  • Abdominal;
  • Asthma;
  • Cerebral.

The First shows the stomach with indigestion, hiccups and vomiting, the second – choking, cough. Cerebral infarction is expressed by dizziness, the person close to fainting. Possible atypical form with pronounced pain syndrome, and such sensations respond the teeth, neck, ear, leg, hand left.

The Acute form of disease often has no symptoms and is detected only after the time, by accident, as a rule, when removing ECG. No pain during and after myocardial infarction characteristic, as already mentioned, patients with diabetes, since this pathology smooths out the discomfort. The case is much more serious of other, as in the absence of symptoms, the patient just doesn't know what needs help.

Atherosclerosis and heart attack

Vascular atherosclerosis-the main cause of ischemia. Plaques formed in this disease in the circulatory system, consists of deposits of cholesterol, calcium-rich cells and some other components.

A Lot depends on the specifics of the individual case. First is formed a very small growth, which over time, expands, expands, preventing the blood flow through the vessel. Due to this tumors body cells do not get enough oxygen and nutrients. However, the threat occurs when the plaque breaks off and starts traveling through the circulatory system. It can clog any vessel if the size of the formation allow it. This is what leads to ischemia.

what is heart attack

The Localization of plaques – the special fragility, as the tumor changes the structure of cells. The vessel becomes thinner, he faces a violation of integrity. Protective reaction of the body – the formation of a clot of blood with the purpose of overlapping of possible bleeding. Such education is growing rapidly and covers the vessel. The greatest damage is done when this blocks a large flow.

The Reason for the violation of the integrity of tissues can be stressful, emotionally intense, physical exertion. It is known that infarction often occurs in the morning. This is especially the trend for re-case. This is explained by sudden shifts from calm night's rest to activity morning rush.


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Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

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