Classical science of new time

Date:

2018-04-01 05:29:18

Views:

1688

Rating:

1Like 0Dislike

Share:

Table of contents:

The Classical stage of science development – one of the most important eras in history. It falls in 17-19 century. This is the era of major discoveries and inventions. Largely thanks to the achievements of the scientists it is regarded as The classical stage of science. In this era laid the example of the knowledge. Let us further consider what was the Science of the classical period. classical science

Stages

The Establishment of modern science began with the formation of a mechanistic picture of the world. The basis of it was based on the idea that the laws of physics, of mechanics apply not only to the environment, but for other areas, including activities of the society. Classic science was formed gradually. The first stage accounts for 17-18 century. It is linked to the discovery by Newton of the law of gravitation and his development of the achievements of European scientists. In the second stage – in the late 18th-early 19th century – led to differentiation of science. It was caused by the industrial revolution.

Features

Classic science has the following specific features:

  1. As key areas of knowledge were physics. Scientists were of the opinion that this discipline is basis for all other destinations, not only natural but also humanitarian. Newtonian physics was considered the world as a mechanism, a set of material bodies, the movement of which is determined by rigorous natural laws. This understanding has spread to sociological processes.
  2. The World considered as the totality of forces of repulsion and attraction. All processes, including the social, A classical science of new time was represented as moving elements of matter, devoid of qualitative features. Priority methods began to get calculations, accurate measurements has been paid special attention.
  3. Classic science New time were formed on a private basis. She was not under the influence of religious beliefs and relied solely on his conclusions.
  4. Classic philosophy of science was influenced by to the current in the middle Ages education system. To existing universities began to increase special Polytechnic educational institution. In this educational program began to be formed on a different scheme. It is based in the first place was bred a mechanic, followed by physics and chemistry, biology and sociology. classical philosophy of science

Age of Enlightenment

It falls in the 17th-late 18th century. At this stage, the Classic science was influenced by the ideas of Newton. In his work he gave evidence to the fact that the force of gravity, revealed in earthly terms, is the same force that keeps the planet in orbit and other heavenly bodies. Many scientists came to the idea of a universal beginning and to Newton. However, the merit of the latter consists in the fact that he was able to articulate the fundamental importance of gravity forces in the framework of the world picture. This pattern was the base until the 19th century. The pattern was challenged by Einstein and Bohr. The first, in particular, proved that the speed of light and the vast distances characteristic of megamir, space and time, as well as directly and the mass of bodies do not obey Newtonian laws. Bor, carrying out a study of the microcosm, and found that for elementary particles previously derived laws also do not apply. Their behavior can be predicted only in accordance with probability theory.

Recommended

"Knowledge is light and ignorance is darkness": the value, meaning and alternatives

There are some sayings that would seem to need no explanation, such as “teaching & ndash; light and ignorance – darkness”. But some still do not understand their meaning. But not only for such people is written by our article. I...

What was invented by Mendeleev for the army. The history and fate of the invention

What was invented by Mendeleev for the army. The history and fate of the invention

D. I. Mendeleev was a brilliant Russian scientist-polymath, who made many important discoveries in various fields of science and technology. Many people know that he is the author of “Fundamentals of chemistry" and the periodic law of chem...

The origin of the Slavs. The influence of different cultures

The origin of the Slavs. The influence of different cultures

Slavs (under this name), according to some researchers, appeared in the story only in 6 century ad. However, the language of nationality bears the archaic features of the Indo-European community. This, in turn, suggests that the origin of the Slavs h...

Rationalist worldview

This is one of the main features, which has Classic science. In the age of Enlightenment in the minds of scientists argued the rationalistic worldview in contrast to the religious (based on dogma). It was believed that the development of the Universe proceeds according to the laws inherent in it. The idea of such self-sufficiency was justified in "Celestial mechanics", Laplace. The Bible replaced the "encyclopedia of crafts, Sciences and arts" created by Rousseau, Voltaire and Diderot.

"Knowledge-force"

In the age of Enlightenment science was considered the most prestigious occupation. Francis bacon was the author of the well-known slogan "knowledge-force". In the minds of people confirmed the view that human knowledge and social progress are much greater. This mentality has received the name of social and cognitive optimism. On this basis, formed a social utopia. Almost immediately after the appearance of T. Mora, arose books, T. Campanella, F. bacon. In the recent work "New Atlantis" was first presented the project for the state of organization of the system. The Founder of classical Economics – Petti - formulated basic principles of knowledge in the sphere of economic activity. They were offered methods of calculation of national income. Classical Economics considered wealth as a flexible category. In particular, petty talked about the fact that the income of the ruler depends on the amount of benefits all subjects. Accordingly, the richer they are, the more you can collect taxes from them. the science of the classical period

Institutionalization

It was in the age of Enlightenment actively. It is at this stage the shape was a classical organizationthe scientific system that exists today. In the Enlightenment there was a special institution, a Union of professional scientists. They were called academies. In 1603 appeared the first such institution. It was the Roman Academy. As one of its first members was made by Galileo. It is worth saying that soon the Academy was protecting the scientist from the attacks of the Church. In 1622, a similar institution was established in England. In 1703 the head of the Royal Academy was the Newton. In 1714, a foreign member of it was Prince Menshikov, a close friend of Peter the great. In 1666 he founded the Academy of Sciences in France. Its members were chosen exclusively by agreement with the king. The monarch (at that time it was Louis XIV) showed personal interest in the activities of the Academy. Foreign a member was elected in 1714 Peter the First himself. With his support, in 1725, Russia had established a similar institution. As its first members were elected Bernoulli (biologist and mathematician), and Euler (mathematician). Later the Academy was adopted and Lomonosov. In the same period, began to increase the level of research in universities. Began to emerge the special schools. For example, in 1747 in Paris was opened Mining school. Similar institutions appeared in Russia in 1773 founder of classical Economics

Specialization

As another evidence of the increasing level of organization of the scientific system is the emergence of special areas of knowledge. They were a specialized research program. As did I. Lakatos, in this era formed the 6 key areas. Were conducted to study:

  1. Energy.
  2. Metallurgical production.
  3. Electricity.
  4. Chemical processes.
  5. Biology.
  6. Astronomy.

General idea

In Spite of active differentiation during a long period of existence of the classical scientific system, it still maintained a certain commitment to some General methodological trends and forms of rationality. They are, in fact, influenced the philosophical status. Among these features include the following ideas:

  1. The Final expression of truth in the absolute finished form, not depending on the circumstances of cognition. This interpretation is justified as a methodological requirement for the explanation and description of idealized theoretical categories (strength, material point, etc.), which were meant to replace the real objects and their relationships.
  2. Add a single causal event descriptions, processes. It excluded the consideration is probable and the random factors which were considered as the result of incomplete knowledge and subjective introduction to the content.
  3. The Isolation of the scientific context of the subjective elements inherent means and conditions of implementation of research activities.
  4. Interpretation of the objects of cognition as simple systems, obeying the requirements of the immutability and rigidity of their key characteristics. the classical stage of science development

Classical and non-Classical science

In the late 19th – early 20th century, the above ideas have received wide recognition. On the basis of them formed the classic form of scientific rationality. It was considered that the picture of the world built and fully justified. In the future, will only need to clarify and specify some of its components. However, history has disposed differently. This era was marked by a number of discoveries that in no way fit into the existing picture of reality. Bohr, Thompson, Becquerel, Dirac, Einstein, Broglie, Planck, Heisenberg and a number of other scientists revolutionized physics. They proved the fundamental failure of the established mechanistic natural science. The efforts of these scientists laid the foundations for a new quantum-relativistic reality. So science has moved to a new non-classical stage. This era lasted until the 60-ies of the 20th century. During this period there have been a series of revolutionary changes in different spheres of knowledge. Formed in physics, quantum and relativistic theories in cosmology-theory of the unsteady Universe. The emergence of genetics has provided a radical change in biological knowledge. Systems theory, Cybernetics has made a significant contribution to the formation of non-classical paintings. All this has led to frontal development of ideas in the industrial technologies and social practices. classical non-classical and postnonclassical science

The Essence of the revolution

Classical and non-Classical science – a natural phenomenon that emerged in the course of formation and expansion of the system. The transition from one era to another was conditioned by the necessity of formation of new forms of rationality. In this sense, it was supposed a revolution on a global scale. Its essence lies in the fact that the contents of the "body" of knowledge he introduced the subject. Classical science studied reality understood as an object. Within the framework of existing concepts of knowledge did not depend on subject, conditions and means of activity. In nonclassical models as the key requirements for obtaining a true description of reality is the consideration and explicationinteractions between the object and the means by which it is knowledge. The result changed the paradigm of science. The object of knowledge is regarded not as an absolute objective reality, but as its certain cutoff specified using the prism of methods, forms and means of research.

Classical, nonclassical and postnonclassical science

With the 60-ies of the last century began the transition to a qualitatively new stage. Science has become a distinct post-non-classical (modern) features. At this stage of the revolution took place directly in the nature of cognitive activity. It was caused by radical changes of methods and means of receiving, processing, storage, transmission and evaluation of knowledge. If we consider the post-non-classical science, in terms of changes type of rationality, it significantly expanded the scope of methodological reflection in relation to key parameters and structural components of research activities. Unlike previous systems, it requires an assessment of the interactions and mediations of knowledge, not only with the specifics of the operations and resources of the research subject, but with a value-oriented aspects, i.e. socio-cultural background of the historical era as with the actual environment. Non-classical paradigm involves the use of the methodological regulations, presented in the form of relativity to means of observation, statistical and probabilistic nature of knowledge complementarity a variety of languages describing objects. The modern model of the system directs the researcher to the evaluation of the phenomena of the formation, development, self-organization processes in a cognitive reality. It involves the study of objects in historical perspective with consideration of cooperative, synergistic effects of their interaction and coexistence. A key task of the researcher was the theoretical reconstruction of the phenomena in a maximally expanded his spectrum of mediations and connections. This provides the reconstruction of the system and a complete image of the process in the language of science. emergence of classical science

The specifics of the current model

To say that to describe all the key indicators of a subject field of postnonclassical science is impossible. This is due to the fact that it distributes its educational resources and efforts on almost all areas of reality, including the socio-cultural systems, nature, spiritual and mental sphere. Post-nonclassical science studies the processes of cosmic evolution, the issues of human interaction with the biosphere, the emergence of advanced technologies from nanoelectronics to Neurocomputers, ideas of global evolutionism and co-evolution, and much more. For the modern model is characterized by an interdisciplinary focus and problem-oriented search. As objects of research today are the unique social and natural systems, in which structure is present.

Conclusion

This impressive entry of science into the world of human systems creates entirely new conditions. They put forward the complex is rather complex philosophical issues about the value and meaning of knowledge itself, the prospects for its existence and expansion, interaction with other cultural forms. In such a situation, it will be legitimate question about the real price of the innovation, the likely consequences of their introduction in a system of human communication, of spiritual and material production.


Article in other languages:

AR: https://www.tostpost.com/ar/education/2710-classical-science-of-new-time.html

BE: https://www.tostpost.com/be/adukacyya/4813-klas-chnaya-navuka-novaga-chasu.html

DE: https://www.tostpost.com/de/bildung/4811-die-klassische-wissenschaft-der-neuen-zeit.html

ES: https://www.tostpost.com/es/la-educaci-n/4816-el-cl-sico-de-la-ciencia-de-un-nuevo-tiempo.html

HI: https://www.tostpost.com/hi/education/2711-classical-science-of-new-time.html

JA: https://www.tostpost.com/ja/education/2710-classical-science-of-new-time.html

KK: https://www.tostpost.com/kk/b-l-m/4814-klassikaly-ylym-zha-a-ua-yt.html

PL: https://www.tostpost.com/pl/edukacja/4816-klasyczna-nauka-nowego-czasu.html

PT: https://www.tostpost.com/pt/educa-o/4813-o-cl-ssico-ci-ncia-de-um-novo-tempo.html

TR: https://www.tostpost.com/tr/e-itim/4819-klasik-bir-bilim-yeni-bir-zaman.html

UK: https://www.tostpost.com/uk/osv-ta/4816-klasichna-nauka-novogo-chasu.html

ZH: https://www.tostpost.com/zh/education/2921-classical-science-of-new-time.html






Alin Trodden - author of the article, editor
"Hi, I'm Alin Trodden. I write texts, read books, and look for impressions. And I'm not bad at telling you about it. I am always happy to participate in interesting projects."

Comments (0)

This article has no comment, be the first!

Add comment

Related News

The deportation of peoples in the Soviet Union: causes, conditions, results and consequences. Deportation of peoples of the USSR in Kazakhstan

The deportation of peoples in the Soviet Union: causes, conditions, results and consequences. Deportation of peoples of the USSR in Kazakhstan

History does not always bring people great discoveries and happy moments. Often the world is undergoing an irreversible event that would forever destroy the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. Such was the deportation of peo...

Medieval literature

Medieval literature

replace the ancient times came the middle ages – an important stage in the spiritual development of the peoples of Western Europe. This time period starts in the 5th century and ends in the first half of the 17th century. Th...

Bertoletova salt

Bertoletova salt

What is potassium chlorate? the Potassium salt of chloric acid (one of the four oxygen-containing acids formed by the chlorine: hypochlorous — HClO, chloride — HClO2, chloric — HClO3, and perchloric -- HClO4) is ...

Why Lenin was not buried immediately after death? The views of historians

Why Lenin was not buried immediately after death? The views of historians

Now 90 years old, died changed the course of Russian history in the last century, the man some people praise God, others – curse. It – V. I. Lenin. But still no fall silent disputes about why Lenin buried?the Fate of t...

Drift is the condition of the ship, car, sailboat. The meaning and interpretation of

Drift is the condition of the ship, car, sailboat. The meaning and interpretation of

To describe the progressively uncontrollable movements use the concept of “drift”. This word is often used by sailors, electricians, race car drivers, doctors. In English the drift means “flow”, “for&...

A Fibonacci level in currency trading: common mistakes and best practices for building

A Fibonacci level in currency trading: common mistakes and best practices for building

Almost every trader with even the most minimal experience in the trade, for once in my practice have tried to use this very useful tool. Usual Fibonacci used to determine the start points of a possible correction and prediction of...